TEAS EXAM (life/physical science)

macromolecules

very large molecules, four major types of which are important to living things: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

carbohydrates

sugars and starches, which the body breaks breaks down into glucose

proteins

molecules composed if amino acids joined by peptide bonds

nucleic acids

long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA

organelle

specialized part of a cell that supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane and transfers materials required for cellular processes

cell (plasma) membrane

maintains cells environment through the process of selective permeability

cytoplasm

supports and suspends structures inside the cell membrane; transfers materials required for cellular processes

golgi apparatus

processes proteins and lipid molecules

lysosome

aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials; may help destroy invading viruses and bacteria

mitochondrion

generates chemical energy in the form of ATP molecules

nucleus

holds genes that carry hereditary information, regulates the activity of the cell. nucleolus assembles RNA and proteins onto ribosomes

ribosomes

synthesizes proteins (many found on the surface of the rough ER although some can be free-float9ing in the cytoplasm)

molecule

arrangement of 2 or more atoms bonded together

mitosis

cells duplicate for tissue growth and repair. One cell reproduces two genetically identical daughter cells.

interphase

stage in mitosis or meiosis in which DNA replicates

prophase

stage in mitosis where chromosomes condense in preparation for being pulled apart

chromosome

structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA that contains genetic information

metaphase

stage in mitosis in which chromosomes align

anaphase

stage in mitosis in which the chromosomes are pulled apart to the poles and cell division begins

telophase

stage in mitosis in which two nuclei form and the daughter cells separate

vacuole

cell organelle that serves as storage for a variety of substances, including water, toxins, and carbohydrates

meiosis

the nucleus of a germ cell divides and then each part divides again (2 fissions), producing four gametes, or sex cells. each sex cell has half the genetic information of the original germ cell and supplies half the genetic information for sexual reproduction

prophase 1

stage in meiosis 1 in which chromosomes condense and form homologous pairs

metaphase 1

stage in meiosis 1 in which pairs for homologous chromosomes align

anaphase 1

stage in meiosis 1 in which homologous chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase 1

stage in meiosis 1 in which nuclear membranes form as the cell separates into 2 haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of 2 sister chromatids

prophase II

stage in meiosis II in which chromosomes in the haploid daughter cells condense

metaphase II

stage in meiosis II in which individual chromosomes align

anaphase II

stage in meiosis II in which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

telophase II

stage in meiosis II in which nuclear membranes form as the two daughter cells from meiosis 1 separate into four haploid daughter cells with chromosomes consisting of a single chromatid each

chromatid

one of the two duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle

list the six components of the biological hierarchy of the body, from least complex → most

chemical → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

which of the following describes the function of the ribosome?

a. protein synthesis

b. energy production

c. cell movement

d. storage of molecules

protein synthesis

because muscle cells require large amounts of energy to function correctly, whihc organelles would be abundant in those types of cells?

a. ribosomes

b. mitochondria

c. cytoskeleton

d. cell membrane

mitochondria

which of the following organelles houses the genetic material?

a. nucleus

b. ribosomes

c. cell membrane

d. lysosomes

nucleus

write 2 - 3 sentences to define and differentiate mitosis and meiosis

it mitosis cells duplicate for tissue growth and repair. One cell divided into two genetically identical daughter cells. in meiosis, the nucleus of a germ cell splits through two fissions into four sex cells, each with half the genetic material of the original cell.

gene

a sequence of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity

structural genes

converted into a short-lived RNA message (mRNA) that is decoded by ribosomes and assembled into proteins that build structures in living things

regulatory genes

control expression of protein coding genes by turning on or off activity, either directly or through a protein intermediate

keratin

a tough protein made by epithelial keratinocytes

DNA

material that contains genetic information and is responsible for directing protein synthesis in living organisms

deoxyribose sugar

sugar portion od deoxyribose nucleotide

nucleotides

monomers used to build DNA and RNA

codons

triplets of nucleotides that code for amino acids

complementary strand

molecule of RNA (or a strand of DNA) synthesized from a complementary template strand

hydrogen bond

type of non-covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom

transcription

synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

mutation

permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that may arise during replication

translation

protein synthesis that takes place after mRNA exits the nucleus and bind to a ribosome

template strand

sequence of bases on a strand of DNA that is used to form a complementary mRNA molecule

peptide bond

the link between amino acids in a protein

genome

the complete set of genetic information in a cell

which of the following nucleotides pairs with adenine in DNA?

a. guanine

b. adenine

c. cytosine

d. thymine

thymine

which of the following is the number of chromosomes found in a human cell?

a. 1 circular chromosome

b. 22 (11 pairs)

c. 46 (23 pairs)

d. 50 (25 pairs)

46 ( 23 pairs)

which of the following statements about genes and nucleotides is correct?

a. a gene contains thousands of chromosomes

b. a nucleotide contains many genes and chromosomes

c. nucleotides form strings of DNA that make up genes

d. nucleotides form strings of chromosomes that make up DNA

nucleotides form strings of DNA that makeup genes

which of the following is the name for a segment of DNA that codes for a protein?

a. nucleotide

b. gene

c. chromosome

d. DNA

gene

in your own words, explain the relationship among chromosomes, DNA, RNA and genes

genes are segments of DNA that can code for specific proteins. RNA controls the steps involved in protein synthesis. Genes made of DNA are located on ;larger structures called “chromosomes”

a pea plant has a dominant homozygous genotype. which of the following letter pairs best represents this genotype?

a. WW

b. Ww

c. ww

d. WX

WW

Pea plants have seeds that are either green or yellow. Green seeds are dominant to yellow seeds. If two pea plants that are heterozygous for seed color are crossed, what percentage of their offspring will have green seeds?

75%

which of the following best describes the expression of alleles?

a. heritable trait

b. genotype

c. phenotype

d. P generation

phenotype

which of the following best describes non-mendelian inheritance patterns?

a. they occur when there are factors other than dominant and recessive traits

b. each trait has one dominant and one recessive allele

c. heterozygous monohybrid crosses result in a 3:1 ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes

d. traits are only inherited on the somatic chromosomes

they occur when there are factors other than dominant and recessive traits

use a Punnett square to show the likely phenotypes of crossing two heterozygous tall pea plants. the allele for tall plants is dominant

heterozygous crosses results in a 3:1 ratio phenotype

non-mendelian inheritance

inheritance of traits that do not follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

dihybrid cross

a cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes

genotype

the genetic makeup of an individual

homozygous

the state of carrying a pair of identical alleles of a gene: AA or aa

heterozygous

the state of carrying different alleles of a gene: Aa

phenotype

physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment

inheritance

transmission of characteristics to offspring

mendelian inheritance

inheritance traits that follow mendels two laws and the principle of dominance

allele

specific copy of gene

dominant

refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait

recessive

refers to the traits that are masked if dominant alleles are present, also refers to the allele for that trait