Lecture 7

Endocrine system has 5 functions:

Maintenance, stimulation of growth, coordination of reproductive, differentiation in fetus, and adaptation to body demands

Hormones affect only ___ cells and are excreted by ____ or deactivated by ___

Target, kidneys, liver

Hormones are RELEASED in response to an ____ in cellular environment and to ___ regulated levels

Alteration, maintain

Hormones are REGULATED via what 3 ways

Chemical, hormonal, neural

What soluble hormones circulate in free, unbound forms (SHORT)

Water

What soluble hormones are primarily circulating bound to a carrier (LONG)

Lipid

__ cells are only cells with appropriate receptors for that hormone are affected

Target

Up-regulation are ___ concentrations of hormone that __ the number of receptors per cell

Low, increase

Down-regulation are ___ concentrations of hormone that __ the number of receptors

High, decrease

A first messenger for water-soluble hormones are ___ and signal ____

Hormone, transduction

A second messenger for water-soluble hormones ___ the signal and __ the effect of the hormone on the target cell

Conveys, mediates

Second messenger molecules include what 4

cAMP, cGMP, IP3, Trk

Receptors for the lipid-soluble hormones are in the __ and __ ; directly modulate __ expression WITHOUT second messengers

Cytosol, nucleus, gene

Steroid hormones are synthesized from ____ and can cross the __ plasma membrane by __ diffusion (hours to days)

Cholesterol, lipid, simple

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (neuroendocrine) produces several hormones that affect what 3 distinct body functions

Thyroid, adrenal, reproductive

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary through ___ portal blood vessels

Hypophyseal

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary via a ___ tract known as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Nerve

Antidiuretic hormone increases what

Water reabsorption

Oxytocin stimulates contraction of __ and milk __

Uterus, ejection

Somatostatin inhibits __ and __

GH, TSH

GHRH stimulates release of

GH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone increases __ and __ hormones

Cortisol, androgenic

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone promotes __ and __

Melanin, lipotropin

GH induces formation of ____ or __

Somatomedins, IGF

b-Endorphins result in ___

Analgesia

The pineal gland secretes ___ and regulates ___ rhythmes

Melatonin, circadian

The thyroid gland forms ____ cells that secretes calcitonin, which __ serum Ca

Parafollicular, lowers

Actions of thyroid hormone are ___, influences the __ expression, essential for __ development, and required for the __

Growth, genetic, neurologic, metabolism

Parathyroid glands increase serum __ and decreases serum __

Ca, phosphate

PTH acting directly on bone results in ___ while on the kidney results in __ reabsorption

Osteoclast, Ca

The pancreas is both an ___ and an __

Endocrine, exocrine

4 types of hormone-secreting cells

Alpha (glucagon), Beta (insulin/amylin), Delta (gastrin/somatostatin), and F cells (pancreatic polypeptide)

Insulin secretion is promoted by increased blood levels of ___ and __ activation; is an __ hormone

Glucose, parasympathetic, anabolic

What 4 things in the body DO NOT require insulin for glucoses transport

Brain, RBC, kidney, eye lens

Amylin __ glucagon secretion

Supress

Glucagon ___ blood glucose and is promoted by __ blood glucose levels

Increases, decreased

The adrenal cortex is ___ while the adrenal medulla is __

Outside, inside

Glucocorticoid hormones have direct effects on ____ metabolism, are ____, and growth __

Carbohydrate, antiinflammatory, suppressing

What 3 factors are involved in regulating the secretion of ACTH

Negative feedback, diurnal rhythms, and stress

The most potent naturally occurring mineralocorticoid is ____

Aldosterone

The adrenal medulla secretes ___ and __

Epinephrine, norepinephrine