Copper

Oxidation states

mostly found in 2+ form, sometimes Cu+, rarely Cu3+

Copper bioavailability

Competes with iron

Copper function

redox reactions

cofactor in enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (electron transport chain)

aids ATP production

cofactor for superoxide dismutase

converts superoxide free radical to hydrogen peroxide

then is metabolized by catalase

cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to norepinephrine

connective tissues and skin - act on collagen and elastin

Copper deficiency

rare but may occur in preterm infants

heavy antacid use can also lead to deficiency

symptoms: anemia, defective connective tissue, weakened immune function

Copper toxicity

rare

symptoms: cramping, nasuea, diarrhea, liver damage

Wilson’s disease

genetic variant that leads to improper copper uptake and metabolism, leading to copper toxicity - deposition in tissues and organs