BIOL 319 TAMU Lab 9: Neurology

Are the neurons in the gray matter of the cerebrum myelinated?

Nope

In the cerebral cortex, what is a fold called? A shallow groove?

gyrus; sulcus

What are the 5 layers of the cerebral cortex?

molecular layer, outer granular layer, outer pyramidal layer, inner granular layer, outer pyramidal and polymorphic layer

What type of cells are in the molecular layer of the cerebrum?

dendrites synapsing with cortical neuron axons

What type of cells are in the outer granular layer of the cerebrum?

stellate cells, axons, and dendrites

What types of cells are in the outer pyramidal cell layer of the cerebrum?

pyramidal cells that increase in size as you move deeper into the layer

What types of cells are in the inner granular layer of the cerebrum?

densely packed stellate cells

What types of cells are in the inner pyramidal and polymorphic layer?

large pyramidal cells in the more superficial portion and many different cell types as you get to the deeper layers

what is the outermost layer on the histology of the cerebrum?

Meninges

What structures make up the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

What is the function of the thalamus?

It takes in information, such as sensory or integration information that is intended for the higher brain areas

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

It acts as an autonomic control center for regulatory body functions

What does the infundibulum do?

Connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

What does the epithalamus have inside it? What does this structure do?

the pineal gland and it produces and secretes melatonin for the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle

What is the pineal gland controlled by?

the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

What are the two types of cells you need to know how to name in the pineal gland?

Neuroglial cells and pinealocytes

What is the function of the cerebellum?

coordinating somatic motor function

What are the 3 layers of gray matter of the cerebellum?

Molecular layer, purkinje layer, and granular layer

What type of cells make up the molecular layer of the cerebellum?

unmyelinated fibers and scatter basket cells and stellate cells

What type of cells are in the Purkinje layer?

Purkinje cells

What is the characteristic feature of the granular layer of the gray matter of the cerebellum?

Granule Cells

What 3 structures make up the brain stem?

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

What does the midbrain do, which is a portion of the brain stem?

inhibits inappropriate muscle movements and dopamine signals to allow for smooth movements

Where is the midbrain?

Between the diencephalon and pons

What is the pons made of?

conduction tracts between higher brain centers and the spinal cord

What is the white matter of the spinal cord made of?

Axonal tracts that carry both afferent and efferent impulses and go contra/ipsilateral

What is the general structure of the spinal cord?

Gray matter in the center, white on the outside, there are dorsal and ventral portions of many regions

What is in the center of the spinal cord?

Central canal

Where is the dorsal root? The ventral root?

On the dorsal side of the "nerve" running away from the spinal curve, Opposite the dorsal root

What is the bundle of cell bodies on the "nerve" running from the spinal cord?

The dorsal root ganglion

There are 3 horns of gray matter. What are they?

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral "horn of gray matter"

What is the dorsal/ventral center groove called of the spinal cord?

The dorsal/ventral median sulcus

What are the 3 regions that look like they surround the spinal cord called?

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral funiculus of white matter

What is it called when the ventral and dorsal roots combine?

the spinal nerve

Where is the ___________ of the spinal cord, where nerves cross and connect the halves of the spinal cord?

Anterior commissure; right in front of the ventral canal

Know the cranial nerve image/acronyms

:)

What does the trochlear nerve (IV) do?

helps control eye movement by controlling a muscle called the trochlea

What is the largest cranial nerve? What does it do?

Trigeminal nerve (V) it supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to chewing muscles

What does the abducens nerve (VI) do?

controls the lateral rectus

What is unique about the vagus nerve?

the only cranial nerve to extend out of the head space, it supplies motor/sensory fibers to the thorax/abdomen

What muscles does the spinal accessory nerve supply?

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

What does the hypoglossal nerve supply?

the tongue

On the transverse section radiology, what are the structures?

frontal horn of lateral ventricle, third ventricle, occipital horn of lateral ventricle, longitudinal cerebral fissure

What is the subarachnoid space?

The area between the arachnoid and pia maters, It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels