Child life certification exam - theorists

John Bowlby

Father of Attachment Theory

worked with Ainswoth & Robertson

Bowlby - 3 phases of separation

protest, despair, detachment

Attachment Theory

attachment behaviors formed in infancy can shape attachment relationships of adults

John Robertson

film - A 2yo Goes to the Hospital

helped improve the fate of hospitalized children

worked with Bowlby

Ainsworth

Strange Situation

lab. procedure which assess infant attachment style. Alternated between mom and stranger being in room with child

Ainsworth's 3 types of attachment

secure, avoidant, resistant/ambivalent

Ainsworth

Believed attachment security depends on how sensitive and responsive a caregiver is to an infant's signals

Parten

Five types of play:

1. onlooker

2. solitary/independent play

3. parallel play

4. associative

5. cooperative

Margaret Mahler

Separation-Individuation Theory of child development - child development takes place in phases:

Normal autistic phase (first weeks of life)

Normal symbiotic phase (0-5mo)

**separation-individuation phase (5mo-24mo)

Object consistency/Internalization

Jerome Bruner

Educational Theory

Key figure in the "cognitive revolution"

based on cognitive-constructivist approach - learning is active - new ideas are based on current knowledge

Lazarus

Coping and Appraisal (evaluating potential stress and resources to deal with the situation)

2 general coping strategies:

Problem-solving coping: changing something physical in the situation, external - best when environment manipulation is possible.

Emotion-focused coping: efforts to regulate emotions - internal

active vs avoidant coping stragities

Erikson

Psychosocial development - 8 stages throughout lifespan:

trust vs mistrust (0-1)

autonomy vs shame & doubt (1-3)

initiative vs guilt

industry vs inferiority (elementary school)

identity vs role confusion (10-20)

intimacy vs isolation (20's-30's)

generativity vs stagnation (40's - 50's)

integrity vs despair (late adulthood)

Piaget

4 stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor - (0-2) - learn thru senses

preoperational - (2-6) - egocentric

concrete operational - (7-11) - loss of eocentric thinking, logical reasoning

formal operational - (adolesence) - abstract thinking

Sigmund Freud

psychoanalysis & psychosexual development

Id - pleasure principal, instincts, unconscious

Ego - executive branch - deals with demands of reality, meet the needs of the id while taking reality into consideration

Superego - moral branch of the personality

5 stages of psychosexual development:

oral stage

anal stage

phallic stage

latency stage

genital stage

Elkind

Adolescent egocentrism

imaginary audiance

personal fable

Bronfenbrenner

Ecological Systems Theory

macrosystem - laws, norms, culture

exosystem - parents work, community services

mesosystem - neighborhood

microsystem - school, day care, close neighborhood, parents, friends

self

Olson

phases of "Continuum of Care" -

10 specific progression in rendering medical care, from discovery of illness through eventual complete recovery or maintenance care

Knafl et al

5 family management styles

thriving

accommodating

enduring

struggling

floundering

Stella Cross & Alexander Thomas

Studies newborn infants

Identified 9 traits in infants that are an aggregate of temperament and personality that are retained throughout life.

Nehring

3 levels of care (continuum of care):

1. Primary - routine dr. visit, simple illness/injury

2. Secondary - specialist/interdisciplinary team, counseling, care plans

3. Tertiary - highly specialized care, multidisciplinary, specialized parent/patient edu, counseling, research

Bolig

A comprehensive child life program focuses on a multi-modal approach that includes environmental normalization, socialization, feelings expression and family-centered care. Also play in hospitals (increased when parents present)

Speech & Brent

research into children's conceptions of death.

- essential elements must be present before a child can assimilate the concept of death...

1. irreversibility

2. nonfunctionally

3. universality

4. causality

"model age" for this - 7. 60% gain it between 5-7

Wolfer, Gaynard, et al

ACCH Child Life Research project -

children who received CL services experiences less emotional stress and exhibit more coping mechanisims

Bluebond-Langner

Clarifies the ways in which hospitalized children demonstrate awareness of their own impending demise