CHAPTER 6 and 7 : INTRO TO PSYCH

Memory

an active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Sensory memory

the very first stage of memory, where raw information from the senses is held for a very brief period of time.

Short-term Memory

the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used.

• Sensory

• Short-Term

• Working

• Long-term

4 Types of Memory Systems

Working Memory

an active system that processes the information in short-term memory.

Long-Term Memory

the system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

Encoding

the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems.

Storage

holding on to information for some period of time.

Retrieval

getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.

• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

Three Process of Memory

Ecoding Failure

failure to process information into memory.

• Encoding Failure,

• Memory Trace

• Decay Theory,

• Interference Theory

Why do we forget?

Memory Trace

physical  change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Decay

loss  of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

Disuse

another  name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

• Memory Trace

• Decay

• Disuse

Memory Trace Decay Theory (3)

Interference Theory

possible explanation of LTM forgetting is that although most long-term memories may be stored more or less permanently in the brain, those memories may not always be accessible to attempted retrieval because other information interferes.

Proactive Interference

memory problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of newer information

Retroactice Interference

memory problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Intelligence

The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

• Spearman’s G Factor

• Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

• Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Theories of Intelligence

g Factor

the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.

• g Factor

• s Factor

Spearman’s G Factor

s Factor

the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence.

• Linguistic

• Logical-Mathematical

• Spatial

• Musical

• Bodily-Kinesthetic

• Interpersonal

• Intrapersonal

• Naturalist

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Linguistic

Ability to use and understand words and nuances of meaning

Linguistic

Writing, editing, translating

Logical-Mathematical

Ability to manipulate numbers and solve logical problems

Logical-Mathematical

Science, business, medicine

Spatial

Ability to find one’s way around in an environment and judge relationships between objects in space

Spatial

Architecture, carpentry, city planning

Musical

Ability to perceive and create patterns of pitch and rhythm

Musical

Musical composition, conducting

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Ability to move with precision

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Dancing, athletics, surgery

Interpersonal

Ability to understand and communicate with others

Interpesonal

Teaching, acting, politics

Intrapersonal

Ability to understand the self

Intrapersonal

Counseling, psychiatry, spiritual leadership

Naturalist

Ability to distinguish species and their characteristics

Naturalist

Hunting, fishing, farming, gardening, cooking

• Analytical

• Creative

• Practical

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligences

Analytical Intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving.

Creative Intelligence

the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.

Practical Intelligence

the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.