2nd Semester Final Exam 2025 Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from the 2nd Semester Final Exam review notes for 2025, focusing on cell biology, microscope usage, solutions, and cell division.

Microscope Magnification

The total magnification of an object is determined by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

Microscope Measurements

Microscope measurements are made in micrometers.

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus.

Cell Theory

Main ideas include that all organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit in an organism, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell containing a nucleus.

Fluid Mosaic Model

Describes a structure with hydrophilic layers on the outside and hydrophobic layers on the inside.

Prokaryotes

Cells that lack a nucleus.

Eukaryotes

Usually contain a nucleus, genetic material, and specialized organelles.

Cell Wall

The main function is to provide support and protection to the cell.

Cell Energy

Mitochondria and chloroplasts provide the cell's energy.

Plant Organelle

Chloroplasts are found in plants but not in animals.

Cell Membrane Channels and Pumps

These are made of proteins, which help move material from one side to the other.

Plasma Membrane Protein

Marker proteins embedded in the plasma membrane are responsible for identifying the cell.

Plasma Membrane

Another name for the plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The transportation system in the cell.

Cell Theory Scientists

Schwann and Schleiden are responsible for creating cell theory.

Cell Nucleus

The cell structure that contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities.

Cell Wall Organisms

You will find a cell wall in plants and fungi.

Lysosomes

Organelles with the job of waste disposal units in the cell.

Nucleus

Cytoplasm is not found in the nucleus.

Cytoskeleton Function

Helps a cell keep its shape.

Microscope Body Tube

The part of the microscope that connects the eyepiece to the turret.

Microscope Coarse Adjustment

Used under the low power objective and moves the stage up and down.

Microscope Slide Movement

When looking through the eyepiece at a specimen under the microscope to get the specimen to move down you push the slide away from you.

Microscope Stage

The platform that the specimen sits on.

Total Magnification

The total magnification of a specimen when the eyepiece is 10x and the objective is 35x is 350x.

Objective Magnification

If given the total magnification of a specimen is 120x and the eyepiece is 6x, the magnification of the objective is 20x.

Millimeters to Micrometers

9.2 millimeters (mm) is equal to 9,200 micrometers (um).

Micrometers to Millimeters

61,000 micrometers (um) is equal to 61mm.

Active Transport

Requires the cell to use its own energy.

Plasma Membrane Tail

The tail portion of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic.

Plasma Membrane Transport

Proteins helps transport particles through the plasma membrane

Plasma Membrane Equilibrium

When the concentration of particles on both sides of the plasma membrane is equal, it is in equilibrium.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that contains a higher concentration of solute in the solution than inside the cell.

Active Transport Definition

The transportation of particles from low concentration to high concentration with the use of energy until equilibrium is reached.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that contains an equal concentration of solute in the solution and inside the cell.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment that captures light energy from the sun.

Cell Membrane Function

The cell membrane does not allow all molecules to pass through it.

Cytoplasm

A jelly the substance that fills the cell.

Cell Cycle Subphase

Synthesis occurs during interphase.

Centromere

The sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the centromere.

Cell Plate

In plant cells, a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei during cytokinesis.

Cell Division

For a cell to divide successfully, the cell must duplicate genetic material, make more organelles, and increase volume.

Order of Mitosis

The correct order of mitosis is Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

Chromosomes after Mitosis

If a cell starts with 12 chromosomes, each of the daughter cells will have 12 chromosomes after mitosis and cytokinesis.

Gregor Mendel

A priest who studied the traits of pea plants and came up with the laws of Genetics.

Monohybrid Cross

The cross between parent alleles, which involves a pair of contrasting traits.