AP BIO QUIZ 3 8/14

Energy flows in ____ direction

one

Begins with ________ energy (Sunlight)

Solar

________ traps it using ________

Producers, photosynthesis

Consumers obtain energy from ________

Producers

The ultimate source of energy is ________

The sun

What is the process that allows consumers to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy in the form of ATP?

Cellular respiration

Food chains link species by their ________

Feeding relationships

Food chains follow the connection between one ________ and a single chain of ___________ within an ________.

Producer, consumer, ecosystem

Food webs may have __________ feeding relationships in an ecosystem

multiple

A food web emphasizes __________ feeding relationships and energy flow in an ecosystem

complicated

Herbivore eats only _____

plants

A carnivore eats only _________

Animals

An omnivore eats plants and ________

Animals

__________ eat dead organic matter

Detritivores

____________________ Break down organic matter into simpler compounds

Decomposer

_____________ Consumers are herbivores/producers

Primary

_____________ consumers are carnivores that eat herbivores

Secondary

______________ consumers eat secondary consumers

tertiary

_____________ consumers eat tertiary consumers

quaternary

3 factors of the ecosystem pyramids??

Amount of energy, biomass, and number of individuals

What is biomagnification?

Toxins accumulate through trophic levels in a food chain

predator

An animal that hunts other animals for food

prey

An organism that is killed and eaten by another organism

parasite

An organism that feeds on a living host

host

An organism on which a parasite lives.

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Another name for a producer?

autotroph

Another name for consumer

heterotroph

order of trophic levels

1. producer

2. primary consumer

3. secondary consumer

4. tertiary consumer

Order of organisms in a pyramid

1. producers

2. Herbivores

3. omnivores

4. carivores

How to calculate energy in a pyramid

To calculate energy in an ecological energy pyramid, measure the energy at the base producer level in units like \(\text{kcal/m}^2/\text{year}\) and apply the 10% rule. Multiply the energy of the lower trophic level by 0.10 (10%) for each step up the food chain to find the remaining usable energy.

example of energy pyramid

Level 1 (Producers / Plants): Start at the bottom with your base energy amount (for example, 100,000 kcal).

Level 2 (Primary Consumers / Herbivores): Remove one zero (divide by 10) to get 10,000 kcal.

Level 3 (Secondary Consumers / Carnivores): Remove another zero to get 1,000 kcal.

Level 4 (Tertiary Consumers / Top Predators): Remove a third zero to get 100 kcal