Grundläggande logi del 2

Princip 14. Lär dig vägen till framtiden genom djärv strategi, några stora steg och många små steg

• Bli en lärande organisation genom att oförtröttligt reflektera och ständigt förbättra • Först stabila arbetssätt, sedan verktyg för ständiga förbättringar • Minimera lager så problemen kommer upp till ytan • Utveckla medarbetarna

PDCA

Plan, Do, Check, Act

vilka är de 3 som ger ut mest CO2

bil 60%, stora lastbilar 27, lättare lastbil 11%

Trends in logistics that affect environment

Globalization, E

What causes environmental impact related to logistics? Example: online shopping

What contributes to GHG emissions in the logistics system of retailing? • Environmental impact online versus offline shopping – what is better, how to compare? • Measures to reduce GHG emissions?

E fulfilment Models

Framework LCA model for online retail

What is the most CO2 in the logistic chain

The last mile impast up to 50%

longer delivery

75% want to wait longer for delivery if this leads to less emissions but 58% is unaware that faster delivery means more emissions

Failed deliveries

Return policy

E commerce environmentally sustainable in Sweden?

e handel är ofta bäst eller lika bra

Collect information about the shipment

• Shipment weight • Shipment volume • Vehicle type • Load capacity utilisation • Vehicle operations distance

Lär dig uppgiften med milk round

1. Calculate the load factor for each link 2. How much fuel is used? 3. How much CO2 is generated per drop?

base case

Consolidation EDC

Use less energy

• Driver behavior • Powertrain technology • Footprinting • Vehicle design

Use alternative energy sources

• Powertrain technology • Fuel availability • Fuel cost • Environmental gain?

Increase transport efficiency

• Vehicle utilization • Transport planning • Choice of transport mode • Consolidation

Reduce demand

• Discourage consumption • Reduce globalization: Local sourcing and decentralized inventory • Digitalization of physical products, e.g. music, books • 3d printing

Combination needed

• Use more efficient vehicles • Use better energy sources • Increase transport efficiency • Reduce demand

Summary (Logistics & Environment)

• Transportation and logistics has a major impact on the environment • Environmental impact from transport, warehousing, packaging • Demand for transport will likely grow • Electrification big step in right direction, but problems and challenges remain:

Key components of CE at micro level

In linear economy: sell more to earn more In circular economy: • Focus lies on functionality rather than product • Manufacturers retain ownership • Manufacturers will focus on durability

Closing the loop:

material recycling

Slowing the loop:

repair, maintenance, refurbishment

Narrowing the loop:

resource efficiency (incl. sharing)

Extended waste hierarchy

Value hill

resolve chart

regenerate, Share, Optimise, Loop, Virtualise, Exchange

Closed loop

Everything goes back to "the same" supplier/product becomes the same product Usually utilise the same distribution network

open loop

Everything is circulated, not necessarily same supplier/product Usually local "waste logistics and bulk transportation for longer transports.

logistic challenges for closed loop

storage, sorting, Fillrate of transportation

logistic challenges for open loop

Cleanliness/quality assurance, Postsorting, Empty bin transportation

CE Building blocks

Circular economy design, Business models, Reverse cycles, Enablers and favourable system conditions

Logistics and SCM in Circular Economy (Facilitate efficient flow. Includes decisions on)

• Material sourcing (including non

Circular economy It is more than only (reverse) transport!

• Supply chain design (facilities, network) • Matching supply and demand (acquisition) • Supply chain planning (capacity, flow)

Circular supply chains

combines the circular economy perspective into the research of sustainable/green supply chain management.

Closed Loop supply chains

• Product acquisition • Reverse logistics: activities to move products from point of use to point of disposition • Test, sort, disposition: to determine condition of products • Recovery: Reuse, refurbish, remanufacturing. • Distribution and marketing: to create markets for recirculated goods

Linear versus Circular SCM processes

Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, Use, Return, Recover, Enable

Closed

loop supply chains (CLSC)

Differences remanufacturing & manufacturing

More uncertainty: • Returns quantity • Returns quality • Returns timing Hence, more difficult capacity planning in remanufacturing

Differences remanufacturing & manufacturing with smaller batches

more variety in models Hence, less automation, more manual labor

Quality of used product, what is the problem ?

Remanufacturing operations

• Uncertain quality of input material/products. Testing and sorting is required both before and after disassembly. Lot more scrap in factory. • Timing of returns important. Remanufacturing could be used as strategy to supply spare parts (later stages of product lifecycle), but too late and there will be no demand for the product

Remanufacturing shop: jobshop

Disassembly, Remanufacturing, Reassembly shop

classic jobshop set up

Jumbled product flows, Difficult to plan, Expensive

Stochastic product returns

High degree of variation, Low volume

Remanufacturing business process

Remanufacturing and planning

1. Uncertainty regarding amount and timing of return of used products 2. Need to balance returns with demand 3. Need to disassemble returned products 4. Uncertainty about material recovery rate of returned products 5. Requirement for reverse logistics network 6. Complication associated with material matching requirements 7. High variability of processing times 8. Existence of stochastic routings

Planning remanufacturing

• Need information: • Types and quantities of returns (e.g typical faults). • Demand forecasts • Reverse engineering and product design • Planning from demand forecast to collection of used products • Information flow to coordinate physical flow • Minimize inventory

Push system

Basically a ”remanufacture all returns” system. Uses return forecasts as basis for capacity planning and inventory control. However, no good control for supply uncertainty and moreover quality uncertainty

Pull system

• Use net demand forecasts to plan remanufacturing operations. • More stock points to control and decisions to recycle excess inventory at various levels. • Requires more responsive production with often higher cost.

Farmer truck circle of a gearbox

Supply demand imbalance

Early in product’s lifetime: demand high, supply low → push system. Later in product’s lifetime: demand low, supply high → pull system

Quality uncertainty

Uncertain and variable quality of returns leads to: • Variable processing times based on condition of returned product • Bill of material no longer static

Digitalisation how can companies do better?

Sensors and IoT to evaluate the condition of the used product, to: • Offer more services to customers • Help customer extend product life (correct use, preventive maintenance)

Waste management

• Waste flow mapping to “reduce material losses and inefficiencies in the handling of materials and waste” • Focus on: • Wasted material flows; content, volumes • Costs • Material efficiency • Operational efficiency

Waste flow mapping (1)

• Number and types of bins • Fractions • Man time for managing bins

Waste flow mapping (2)

• Handling of waste from operations to waste

The use of recycled material

While metal recycling is mature, plastic recycling is not: • Poor plastic sorting before recycling • Quality of the material • Costs