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Paleolithic Era

The early phase of the Stone Age characterized by the use of chipped stone tools and a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Hunter/Gatherer culture

A lifestyle based on hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance.

Egalitarian

Relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights.

Nomadic

Living the life of a nomad; wandering from place to place.

Neolithic Era

The later part of the Stone Age when ground or polished stone tools were used, agriculture began, and settled communities formed.

Agriculture

The practice of cultivating soil, producing crops, and raising animals for food.

Settled farmer culture

A lifestyle characterized by permanent settlements and agriculture, often near rivers.

Artisans

Skilled craftworkers who make items by hand, often in specialized trades like pottery and metallurgy.

Civilization

A complex human society characterized by developed cities, social classes, and systems of governance.

Specialization of labor

The division of tasks in a society that allows individuals to focus on specific tasks that enhance efficiency and productivity.

Neolithic Revolution

The transition from nomadic hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities.

Pastoral culture

A lifestyle that focuses on the herding and raising of livestock.

Mesopotamia

An ancient region located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, often referred to as the cradle of civilization.

Cuneiform

The earliest known form of writing developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia.

Hammurabi's Code

A well-preserved Babylonian law code of ancient Mesopotamia, one of the earliest deciphered writings of significant length.

Ziggurat

A massive pyramidal stepped structure that was built in ancient Mesopotamia, often with temples.

Pharaoh

The title of the ancient Egyptian rulers who were considered gods in human form.

Hieroglyphics

The writing system used in ancient Egypt, consisting of symbols and pictures.

Indus Valley Civilization

An early civilization notable for its advanced urban planning and architecture in modern-day Pakistan.

Mandate of Heaven

A Chinese philosophical concept that used to justify the rule of the Emperor of China.

Oxus Civilization

An ancient civilization located in Central Asia known for its trade networks.

Zoroastrianism

One of the world's oldest monotheistic religions founded in ancient Persia.

Athenian Democracy

The direct form of democracy developed in Athens allowing free males to participate in decision-making.

Hellenistic Era

The period following the conquests of Alexander the Great, marked by the spread of Greek culture.

Socratic Method

A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue between individuals, based on asking and answering questions.

Archaic Smile

A characteristic smile found on many early Greek sculptures, often indicating a sense of vitality.

Venus de Milo

An ancient Greek statue representing Aphrodite, known for its aesthetic beauty and realistic proportions.

Contrapposto

An art technique where human figures are depicted in a relaxed stance, creating a naturalistic posture.

Doric Column

The simplest of the classical orders of ancient Greek architecture, characterized by a sturdy, fluted shaft.

Ionic Column

A classical architectural style characterized by a slender, fluted column with volutes (spirals) on its capital.

Corinthian Column

The most elaborate of the classical orders, characterized by a slender fluted column and an ornate capital with acanthus leaves.

Great Pyramids of Giza

Ancient pyramid structures in Egypt built as tombs for pharaohs during the Fourth Dynasty.

Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer

A scene from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, illustrating the judgment faced by Hu-Nefer in the afterlife.

Winged Victory of Samothrace

An ancient Greek statue of the goddess Nike, representing victory, notable for its dynamic form.

King Ashurbanipal

An Assyrian king known for his military exploits and the establishment of a great library in Nineveh.

Stele

An upright stone slab or column bearing inscriptions or designs, often used as a grave marker or to commemorate events.

Cave Paintings

Prehistoric art created on cave walls, depicting animals and human figures, reflecting early human life.

Artisan Crafts

Handmade goods created by specialized artisans, typically involving skilled labor in fields such as pottery and metallurgy.

Environmental Degradation

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil.

Socioeconomic Stratification

A system in which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy based on wealth, income, social status, occupation, and power.

Agricultural Surplus

The amount of agricultural produce that exceeds the needs of the farmers, allowing for trade and specialization.

Nile River

The longest river in the world, which was crucial for agriculture and civilization in ancient Egypt.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas become urbanized as a result of economic development and population growth.

Cultural diffusion

The spreading out of culture, culture traits, or cultural patterns from a central point.

Historical Timeline

A graphic representation of the sequence of events in history, often depicted chronologically.

Peasant

A farmer of low social status, especially one who owns or rents a small piece of land.

Sumer

An ancient civilization in Mesopotamia known for its innovations in writing, architecture, and governance.

Merchants

Individuals engaged in commerce, trading goods, and services.

Pessimistic Outlook

A tendency to see the worst aspect of things or believe that the worst will happen.

Fertile Crescent

A region in the Middle East known for its rich soils and the cradle of early civilizations.

Rural Area

An area located outside of cities and towns, often focusing on agriculture and low population density.

Civil Governance

The administration of government and the exercise of authority in a civil society.

Decentralized Rule

A system of governance where power is distributed among various levels of administration, rather than being concentrated in a central authority.

Ecological Impact

Changes to the environment caused by human activity, particularly in relation to agriculture and urbanization.

Trade Routes

Paths traditionally used for the exchange of goods and services among different regions.

Political Hierarchy

The arrangement of individuals within a society based on authority and power.

Cultural Heritage

The legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.

Archaeological Findings

Physical evidence, such as tools, structures, and artifacts, discovered during excavations, which provide insights into historical civilizations.

Religious Complexes

Large structures or series of structures dedicated to religious practices and rituals.