Genetics

autosomal dominant

one gene from either parent to affect offspring

autosomal recessive

two genes must. be present for offspring to be affected

X-linked dominant

only one affected X chromosome needed for offspring to be affected, affects only daughters if father is only parent with gene

X-linked recessive

carrier mother = male child 50/50 chance of having condition. more commonly seen on males

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

rapid copying of DNA sequences

specific primer sequence and annealing temperature

what is needed for successful PCR

florescence

what does PCR measure

threshold cycle number/ quantification cycle

coorelates to the satrting amount of DNA

more sensitivity

advantage of real time PCR

microbe counts, drug therapy efficacy, old DNA amplification, family lineage, crime scene investigation, identification

what is the appliacations of PCR

variable number tandem repeats

regions used to determine family lineage

Next generation sequencing (NGS)

disease susceptibility testing that determines DNA or RNA sequence to look for genetic variation

protein

what does ELISA look for

DNA

what does southern blot look for

RNA

what does northern blot look for

protein

what does western blot look for

heritable and reversible genetic change

what is epigenetics

diet, smoking, inflammation, age, and infection

environmental factors that affect epigenetics

gene activation

histone acetylation

gene silencing

histone methylation

repress cancer

when a gene is hyperemethylated you are more likely to have a type of cancer, does this gene promote or repress cancer

enhance gingival innate immunity

effect of HDAC inhibitors

ELISA

looking for specific protein

PCR

what would you use to compare bacterial counts

northern blot

what would you use to compare mRNA levels between two bacterial strains

western blot/ELISA

what would you use to investigate protein

the DNA code is fixed, and epigenome is flexible

what is thee difference betweeen DNA code and epigenome

gene would continue to be expressed

what would happen if acetyl groups stayed attached to the nucleosome forever and kept it continuosly open

genomes are nearly carbon copies

what would you see in identical twins when sequencing their genome early in life

epigenomes differ

what would you see in identical twins after 60 years