Freedom of Press & Libel

Near v. Minnesota (1931)

State law censoring newspapers struck down; prior restraint unconstitutional

New York Times v. U.S. (1971)

“Pentagon Papers” case; gov’t can’t prevent publication without showing grave, immediate danger

Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (1988)

Schools can censor student newspapers if related to legitimate pedagogical concerns

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Public officials must prove “actual malice” to win defamation cases

Gertz v. Welch (1974)

Private figures don’t have to prove actual malice but must show negligence

Hustler v. Falwell (1988)

Parody of public figures is protected; emotional distress claims require actual malice