religious change under Mary I

Evidence that Catholicism was welcomed back?

Alter and cross were set up at St Nicholas Cole Abbey (in London) on the 23rd of august 1553, where a mass was held- followed by many churches despite it technically was illegal

Marys coronation was faced with crowds of people cheering.

What were Mary’s initial goals?

• Undo religious changes since 1529

• Restore papal authority

• Restore belief in catholic practices such as transubstantiation

• Re-establish religious houses which had been dissolved

• End clerical marriage, restore status of priests

• Secure a long-term future for Catholicism by marrying and having children

• Persecute those who didn’t agree with her views

Why and when did parliament reject the repeal of the act of supremacy?

Suggested it there was an anti-papal feeling across England.

October 1553

The act of repeal

Removed all the changes done during Edward’s reign

Act of the six Articles

Restored the religious situation to that of 1547

What happened by the end of 1553?

Mary gave up her title of supreme head of the church

How di Mary use her royal prerogative?

Suspend the 2nd act of uniformity and restored mass

Signs of unhappiness?

Wyatts rebellion, January 1554 (Not necessarily about her religious changes)

What did Protestants start to do at the start of 1554?

Leave England to Germany and Switzerland, around 800 committed Protestants (mostly gentry, clergy and the weathly left to exile)

When were royal injunctions introduced?

Spring 1554

What were the royal injunctions?

Restored some traditional catholic practices like holy days, processions

Led to the the deprivation of married clergy, some were restored as the abandoned their wives

What was parliament reaction to the heresy laws, April 1554?

Rejected there reintroduction, didn’t agree until promises were made that former monastic lands wouldn’t be restored to the church

Was passed a few months later

2nd act of repeal

November 1554

What was the 2nd act of repeal

Repealed all religious legislation approved sine 1529

Mary was forced to compromise with landowners- protected property rights of those who had bought church land since 1536

What did the 2nd act of repeal demonstrate?

Mary had to recognise the authority of parliament in religious matters, it also prevents full scale restoration of Catholicism as not many monasteries could be refunded

What were the heresy laws?

Heresy was regarded as a religious and civil offence amounting to treason, the monarch could punish those who preached or believed in doctrines considered heretical by the Catholic Church

When did the burnings start?

February 1555

Number of burnings?

Nearly 300 (51 of these who were women )

The first to be burnt was Jain Rodger’s

Where did the burnings happen?

South-east London, Canterbury and Colchester

Who was burnt October 1555

Bishops Ridley and Latimer, burnt in oxford

Who was burnt march 1556?

Cranmer

Why was Cranmer burning controversial?

He should have been executed for conspiring with LJG

What did Gardiner’s death effect?

Removed a restraining force on Mary, happened November 1555

What followed Gardiners death?

A increase in persecutions, 274 executions in the last 3 years

What were the English attitudes to burnings?

Many saw them as entertainment/ a spectacle, Kent cherry-growers used the large crowds as a opportunity to sell their products

Why were people chosen to be burnt?

Heritics had to be reported and the local authorities had to enforce the laws

Without the support of local authorities, the burnings wouldn’t have happened

reason’s for the delay in persecution’s?

The declaration of war against France 1557

JP’s were unpaid officials, many were reluctant to persecute and enforce any legislation

Positive steps taken by cardinal pole

Ordered bishops to make regular visitations to check on clerical behaviour

What was the London synod?

Stressed the importance of priests being resident so that they could carry out their responsibilities and need to end things such as pluralism and nepotism.

Why could underground Protestantism continue?

19000 copies of the 2nd book of common prayer which were printed abroad and smuggled into England?

When was cardinal pole appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury

December 1555

When did cardinal pole return to England, as well as the excommunication lifted for England?

November 1554

When was pole recalled to Rome

June 1557

Why was pole recalled to Rome?

Charges of heresy, Mary refused to allow him to leave