The Empire of Viruses and Microbial Disease Transmission Flashcards

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on viruses and microbial disease transmission. They're designed in a fill-in-the-blank style to help reinforce your understanding and memory.

During the , the virion releases its genetic instructions into the host cell’s, recruiting the cell’s enzymes for constructing new virus particles.

Lytic cycle

Which group of complex circular-shaped, vaccine-preventable viruses are typically responsible for severe gastrointestinal infections in very young children? _

Rotavirus

In the early 1900s, the name virus was first used to describe which type of tobacco plant disease? _

Mosaic

Which of the following factors is NOT used to classify types of viruses? _

Susceptibility to various classes of antibiotics

Which specialized viral nucleocapsid structural design is a 20-sided geometric shape? _

Icosahedral

Which of the following is NOT a method by which viruses enter the body to cause infection? _

Congenital fetal mutations

Which type of virus is among the smallest in size at approximately 25 nm? _

Polio

Which virus can migrate from the blood to enter nerve cells after the initial infection, becoming a latent infection, and reactivate, causing a painful condition called herpes zoster (shingles)? _

Varicella

Which infectious agent has no nucleic acids or structural design, but are initially normal proteins in the central nervous system that create abnormal folds that result in encephalopathy? _

Prions

Which term represents a type of viral infection like herpes simplex that remains inactive in the body’s neural network until conditions such as stress or immune status change, causing an outbreak? _

Dormant

Which enterovirus infection can damage or paralyze neurons of the brainstem and prior to effective vaccination programs, patients might have to be confined to an iron lung machine for mechanical respiratory assistance? _

Poliomyelitis

Which acute infection that affects the central nervous system is caused by non-polio enteroviruses and is typically less aggressive than bacterial forms of the disease? _

Viral meningitis

Which viral pathogen causes the “stomach flu”, the most common type of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne disease outbreak? _

Norovirus

Viruses are classified as which of the following? _

Obligate parasites

Which type of human herpes virus is responsible for common cold sores of the lips or mouth? _

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)

Which group of viruses includes the illness caused by the COVID-19 virus? _

Coronavirus

Which pathogen may represent the prehistoric ancestors of modern viruses in the same way that archaea are thought to be the precursors to modern prokaryotes? _

Viroids

Which term describes the fibrosis and dysfunction of the liver due to chronic infection or alcoholism? _

Cirrhosis

Which of the following is a means of measuring specific antibodies present in the circulation which can be used to demonstrate active immunity status? _

Serum titers

Which statement regarding characteristics of viruses is NOT correct? _

Viruses always have both RNA and DNA.

Which pathogenic virus was responsible for what is generally known as the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918? _

H1N1 Influenza A

Which type of virus affects the liver and has different types, most commonly named A, B, C, D, and E? _

Hepatitis

Which term refers to the period of a viral infection after exposure and incubation, but before characteristic symptoms such as fever, cough, rash, or other signs appear? _

Prodromal

Which of the following is a rare type of skin cancer that was often associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1980s, prior to effective antiviral treatment regimens? _

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Which infectious agents sit on the surface of neural tissues and eventually create holes, resulting in a sponge-like appearance? _

Prions

Which patient population is most at risk for serious respiratory infection by airborne transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? _

Premature infants

Which viral infection can be easily passed by a pregnant female to a fetus and is responsible for birth defects, including vision and hearing loss, seizures, and cerebral palsy? _

Cytomegalovirus

Which of the following types of viruses are double-stranded DNA viruses with icosahedral capsids and cause pharyngitis, acute respiratory disease, pneumonia, conjunctivitis (pink eye), genitourinary infections, and gastroenteritis? _

Adenovirus

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is the human form of incurable and fatal infection by which of the following? _

Prion

By which of the following methods do viruses reproduce or replicate? _

Cellular invasion

Which type of disease classification is defined as a disease that occurs with a greater than normal incidence of reported cases? _

Epidemic

Which of the following increases in number as a non-specific defense mechanism when there is an infection present in the body? _

Leukocytes

Which type of pathogen reservoir or vector includes mosquitoes and ticks? _

Arthropod

Which of the following is NOT one of the classic signs of inflammation? _

Blanching

The disease histoplasmosis would be classified as which type of disease? _

Endemic

Which of the following refers to molecular substances secreted by pathogenic microbes? _

Virulence factors

Which term used in epidemiology refers to things that influence the character, result, or outcome of public health based on poverty, access to care, culture beliefs, and other factors? _

Determinants

Which of the following typically increases as a pathogen is transmitted from person to person? _

Virulence

Typhoid Mary is an example of which type of disease carrier? _

Passive

The type of infections referred to as zoonotic are those that humans might contract from which of the following? _

Animals

Which term is used by medical microbiologists for the cellular surface proteins (enzymes) that help pathogens invade tissues and cause localized damage to host tissues? _

Invasins

Which term describes the dynamic state of equilibrium and coexistence between human resident microbes and the body’s internal environment? _

Homeostasis

Surgical personnel who suffer sharps injuries may become infected by way of which method of transmission? _

Blood and body fluid contact

Which of the following is never entirely achieved in areas with endemic diseases despite fluctuations in population numbers affected? _

Eradication

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is often transmitted between sexual partners who are unaware of their infection status as which type of human carrier? _

Asymptomatic

Which of the following is the largest organ of the human body and the first line of defense against infection? _

Integumentary system

Which of the following describes the pathogenic attachment of a microbial invader to host tissues after gaining access through a portal of entry? _

Adherence

Which term describes the results of viral infection on host cells used as a means of diagnosis? _

Cytopathic effects

Which of the following is a group of 25–30 enzymatic serum proteins found in blood plasma that enhance the action of antibodies in immune and allergic reactions? _

Complement

Which type of enzyme increases the pathogen’s virulence by converting fibrinogen into fibrin to create a blood clot that protects the pathogen from phagocytosis? _

Coagulase

Which of the following are virulence factors that are lipopolysaccharides located in the cell wall and most commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria? _

Endotoxins

Which disease is prevented by injection of a harmless toxoid that provides immunity against infection by toxin- producing bacteria? _

Diphtheria

Which term describes the structures on cells to which adhesin molecules bind? _

Surface receptors

All second-line of defense phagocytes are which of the following types of cells? _

Leukocytes

Which of the following is NOT a classification of interferons? _

Delta

Which inflammatory response increases the permeability of the blood vessels, allowing host defenses to reach damaged tissue? _

Vasodilation

The release of prostaglandins initiated by the hypothalamus is part of which non-specific defense mechanism? _

Fever

The Spanish Flu of 1918 and HIV-AIDS represent which type of disease outbreak in the twentieth century? _

Pandemic

What is a common factor in epidemic outbreaks of typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera? _

Inadequate sanitation

Which portal of entry involves tissues beneath the skin being violated by injection, cuts, bites, or other wounds? _

Parenteral