Anatomy 001 Lecture 1 Exam

What is another name for anatomy?

morphology

What feature of the human body does anatomy study?

structure

What feature of the human body does physiology study?

function

List the hierarchy of structural organization (biggest at the top, smallest at the bottom)

organism
organ system
organ
tissue
cell
organelle
molecule
atom

What are the four types of tissue?

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

What is the smallest living unit in the hierarchy of structural organization?

cell

What are the four categories of molecules?

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

What is the system of measurement used in anatomy?

metric

What measurement is used to measure organelles, cells, and tissue?

mircometer

Another term for the anatomical position is the ___ position

zero

What is the anatomical position?

person stands erect with toes and eyes forward, palms face forward with thumbs pointed away from body

What does the axial region consist of?

head, neck, trunk

What does the appendicular region consist of?

appendages

What part of the body does the frontal region cover?

forehead

What part of the body does the orbital region cover?

eye

What part of the body does the cephalic region cover?

head

What part of the body does the nasal region cover?

nose

What part of the body does the oral region cover?

mouth

What part of the body does the buccal region cover?

cheek

What part of the body does the mental region cover?

chin

What part of the body does the cervical region cover?

neck

What part of the body does the cephalic region cover?

head

What part of the body does the auricular region cover?

ear

What part of the body does the occipital region cover?

back of head

What components make up the back of the axial region?

auricular and occipital

What 8 components make up the front of the axial region?

cephalic, frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, buccal, mental, cervical

What is this directional terminology? What is another name for it?

anterior, ventral

What is this directional terminology? What is another name for it?

posterior, dorsal

What the directional terminology for this direction?

superior

What the directional terminology for this direction?

inferior

What the directional terminology for this direction?

medial

What the directional terminology for this direction?

lateral

What the directional terminology for this direction?

proximal

What the directional terminology for this direction?

distal

What does intermediate mean in terms of directionality?

in between

What does ipsilateral mean?

on the same side

What does contralateral mean?

on opposite sides

What does superficial mean in terms of directionality? What is another name for it?

towards the body’s surface, external

What does deep mean in terms of directionality? What is another term for it?

away from the body’s surface, internal

Are body cavities open or closed to the outside world?

closed

Is A, B, or C the frontal plane? What is another name for the frontal plane? What does the frontal plane divide the body into?

A, coronal, anterior and posterior parts

Is A, B, or C the transverse plane? What is another name for the transverse plane? What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

B, horizontal, superior and inferior parts

Is A, B, or C the oblique plane? What does the oblique plane divide the body into?

C, angle views

What parts does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

left and right parts

What is the name of the plane in the image? What is another name for it? What area does the plane run along?

median plane, midsagittal plane, midline

How is a parasagittal plane different than a median plane?

offset from midline

What is the cavity shown in yellow called?

dorsal body cavity

What is the cavity in part A called?

cranial cavity

What is cavity B called? What is another name for it?

vertebral cavity, spinal cavity

What is the cavity shown in red called?

ventral body cavity

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

viscera (visceral organs)

Are visceral organs internal or external?

internal

What cavities are inside the ventral body cavity?

thoracic, pelvic, and peritoneal cavities

What cavities does the peritoneal cavity contain?

abdominal and pelvic

What are the three parts of the thoracic cavity?

two pleural cavities surrounding the mediastinum

What organs does the thoracic cavity include?

heart and lungs

What 3 parts of the body does the mediastinum contain?

trachea, esophagus, heart

What cavity is the heart surrounded by?

pericardial cavity

What is situs inversus?

heart, liver, and lungs in flipped positions

What is dextrocardia?

only heart flipped

What does a serous (AKA serosa/serosae) membrane wrap around? Are they continuous?

viscera, yes

What kind of serosa does the serous membrane contain?

parietal and visceral serosa

What is the parietal serosa? What letter does it correspond to in the image?

cavity’s outer wall, a

What does the visceral serosa cover? What letter does it correspond to in the image?

visceral organs, c

What is the serous cavity? What letter does it correspond to in the image?

space between membranes, b

Are pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum still serosa? What do they stand for respectively?

yes, lungs, heart, abdominal

What letter corresponds to the parietal pleura?

A

What letter corresponds to the pleural cavity with serous fluid?

B

What letter corresponds to the visceral pleura?

C

What letter corresponds to the visceral peritoneum?

B

What letter corresponds to the parietal peritoneum?

A

What is serous fluid produced by?

both layers of serous membranes

What is the function of serous fluid?

reduces friction (inflammation)

Which letter corresponds to the parietal pericardium?

A

Which letter corresponds to the pericardial cavity with serous fluid?

B

What letter corresponds to the visceral pericardium?

C

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

L upper, R upper, L lower, and R lower

What is an x-ray? Does it have a short or long length?

electromagnetic wave, short

What are x-rays best used for? What is one example?

seeing dense structures, bones

What direction is AP (anterior-posterior)?

front to back

What direction is PA (posterior-anterior)?

back to front

What is computed tomography (CT) AKA computed axial tomography (CAT)?

x-rays around person’s full circumference to get detailed pic of body section

What does an angiography (advanced x-ray technique) use and what does it highlight?

contrast medium, vessel structures

What is digital subtraction angiography (DSA)?

before and after images of contrast medium injection

What does digital subtraction angiography (DSA) identify?

artery blockage to heart wall and brain

What does positron emission tomography (PET) do?

forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into body

How can PET be used to identify tumors?

dark spots that aren’t organs

What is sonography (ultrasound imaging) used for?

determines age of developing fetus

How does sonography (ultrasound imaging) work?

probes body with high-frequency sound waves that echo off body’s tissues

Does sonography involve x-rays?

no

MRI produces high-quality images of ___ tissue

soft

How does MRI distinguish between body tissues?

relative water content (more water)

What is microscopy?

examine small structures through a microscope

What does light microscopy do? Does it have high or low magnification?

illuminates tissue with light beam, low

What does electron microscopy do? Does it have a high or low magnification?

uses electron beams to see organelles, high

Are acidic stains negatively or positively charged dye molecules? Do they bind to negatively or positively charged particles?

negatively, positively

Are basic stains negatively or positively charged dye molecules? Do they bind to negatively or positively charged particles?

positively, negatively

What is scanning electron microscopy?

heavy metal salt stain deflecting electrons in beams

What are artifacts?

minor distortions of preserved tissues

Do the images in artifacts looks exactly like they do in real life?

no