Math I - Basic Arithmetic and Algebra Pointers

Natural numbers

Numbers that appear as a result of calculus of single subjects, such as people or animals (e.g., $1, 2, 3, 4, 5, \text{...}$).

Addends

The numbers involved in an addition operation that form a sum.

Sum

The result obtained from the operation of addition.

Minuend

In subtraction, the number from which another number (the subtrahend) is taken.

Subtrahend

In subtraction, the number that is subtracted from the minuend.

Difference

The result obtained from the operation of subtraction.

Multiplicand

In multiplication, the number being repeated as an addend.

Multiplier

In multiplication, the number representing how many times the multiplicand is repeated.

Product

The result obtained from the operation of multiplication.

Factors (Multipliers)

The components (multiplicand and multiplier) involved in a multiplication operation.

Dividend

In division, the number that is being divided.

Divisor

In division, the number by which the dividend is divided.

Quotient

The result obtained from the operation of division.

Remainder

The amount remaining when a dividend is not exactly divisible by a divisor.

Base of a power

The number that is repeated as a factor when raising to a whole power.

Index (Exponent)

In power operations, the quantity of factors to be repeated.

Value of a power

The result obtained from raising a number to a power.

Square

The name given to the second power of a number.

Cube

The name given to the third power of a number.

Radicand

In the extraction of a root, the number from which the root is being found.

Commutative law of addition

A law stating that a sum is not changed at rearrangement of its addends: $m + n = n + m$.

Commutative law of multiplication

A law stating that a product is not changed at rearrangement of its factors: $m \times n = n \times m$.

Associative law of addition

A law stating that a sum does not depend on the grouping of its addends: $(m + n) + k = m + (n + k)$.

Associative law of multiplication

A law stating that a product does not depend on the grouping of its factors: $(m \times n) \times k = m \times (n \times k)$.

Distributive law of multiplication over addition

A rule expanding operations with brackets: $(m + n) \times k = m \times k + n \times k$.

Prime numbers

Numbers that are not divisible by any numbers except $1$ and themselves.

Composite numbers

Numbers that have factors other than $1$ and themselves.

Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

The largest value among all common factors of a given set of numbers.

Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The smallest number that is divisible by each number in a given set.

Even numbers

Numbers that are divisible by $2$, ending in digits such as $0, 2, 4, 6, \text{or } 8$.

Odd numbers

Numbers that are not divisible by $2$.

Vulgar (simple) fraction

A representation of a part of a unit or some equal parts of a unit.

Denominator

In a fraction, the number of equal parts into which a unit has been divided.

Numerator

In a fraction, the number of equal parts that have been taken.

Proper fraction

A fraction where the numerator is less than the denominator.

Improper fraction

A fraction where the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator.

Mixed number

An improper fraction presented as an integer part and