Stupid ahhh hums revision

The scientific Revolution to the Age of reason: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galileo, Isaac Newton and the Establishment.

Philosophers challenged the idea that God created the earth and is at the centre of the universe, taught by the church.

Copernicus and Galilei discovered that the sun is at the centre of the universe, and the Earth, along with other planets in the solar system.

in 1600, Isaac Newton discovered laws of gravity which further challenged the teachings and authority of Roman catholic church.

Authority of church and monarchy.

Philosophers like newton, copernicus and galilei challenged the teachings of the church that god created the world.

Philosophers define the social contract which underpins modern democracy

The social contract is where the state has legitimate authority over its citizens because the citizens have consented to it.

Thomas Hobbes: He believed that individuals would surrender their freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for security and stability

John Locke: argued that the government exists to protect people’s rights and that people can overthrow it if it fairs to do so.

Jacques Rousseau: Society’s role should reflect the general will of people

Colonisation of the new world.

The Colonisation of New World began in late fifteenth centuries. Millions of slaves were transported from Africa to support the industry and economies of America and much of Europe. Slavery helped wealth of America and England

Enlightenment

Began in 1685-1815. Is where it inspired for a desire for change as people started to reject the establishment, the church or monarchy.

Enslavement in the Americas

The slaves were used for labour, most were put to work in the goldmines. Facing 18 hour days, six days a week, in terrible conditions, thousands were worked to death or died of starvation or beatings. Thousands more died to diseases brought by the Europeans. Population of the africans decreases severely

The abolition movement in America.

Is a movement that refers to a historical compaign aimed at abolishing the institution of slavery. Emerged during the 18th and 19th centuries and involved efforts by individuals, organisations and governments to end practice of enslaving human beings. In 1776, british rule ended and United states declaration of independence stated that all men are created equal. After hundreds of years in the USA, slavery was abolished on December 6, 1865.

British colonisation of India

Main purpose was to explore and exploit trade opportunities in India. So the East India company started in 1600 to trade in Asia to get spices, cotton and indigo dye and then sell them in england for profit. By 1857 india claimed control over large parts of India.

However the indians rebelled against British rule, the british fought against them to gain full control though.

Causes of British interference in China and its consequences

Causes of British interference was that China had a variety of resources and arable land. They had resources like tea.

Consequences: Led to the downfall of dynastic system. Brought great suffering to large parts of population, through forced trade rebellions that arose against foreign influence.

Opium wars

do sum for this

Long term Causes of the industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution - Britain experienced significant advancements in agriculture during the 18th century. Innovations such as the enclosure movement, crop rotation, and selective breeding increased agricultural productivity. This surplus of food allowed for a larger population and provided a pool of labour for industrialisation.

Political Stability: Britain enjoyed relative political stability compared to its European counterparts. This stability provided a conducive environment for economic growth and allowed for the establishment of legal frameworks supportive of industrial development.

Natural Resources: Britain had abundant natural resources crucial for industrialisation, including coal, iron ore, and waterways. Coal was particularly important as it powered steam engines, the backbone of the Industrial Revolution

Improved farm machinery and methods

From early to mid 1800s, new mechanical drills for planting seed, reaping machines for harvesting crops and three and threshing machines to separate the valuable grain from the stalks of wheat and barley plants. These machines made farming efficient and increased profits from the la

Short term causes of Industrial revolution

New technology - invented and developed, including the new machinery used in textile production and the developments in steam engines that transformed factory production 

Improvements in methods of transport - The improvements in methods of transport allowed the mass transportation of raw materials and finished products. 

Rise of the middle class- Due to the growth of cities, it led to the emergence of a new social class that became known as the middle class.

Effects of the industrial revolution

Used child labour, so they could reach into machines. While it worked many accidents with children’s hand, causing injury and death

rapid increase population in Manchester and london, leading to widespread diseases due to overcrowding and lack of sanitation

British population increased by 1900 from 5.5 million to 32.5 million. 17% to 54%

New urban settlements provided running water, heating and increased sewage systems health conditions improved and less outbreaks of diseases

Agricultural innovations to improve efficiency

Jethro Tull’s seed drill - 1700 Before the seed drill, seeds were typically sown by hand  The seed drill allowed for seeds to be sown at the correct depth and spacing, leading to more efficient use of land

Rotherham triangular plough - 1730 - saving time, cutting labour cost and easier and lighter to use

Four crop rotation system - each season the crops were rotated which meant no field was left fallow leading to the soil being fertile. 

3 crop rotation - time waste, weeds and animal diseases could spread easily, very little opportunity to try new crops or new methods, pathways separating the strip of land were not used for crops.

Causes and effect of the atlantic slave trade

Causes- Support the industries and economies of Europe and America using them for productivity. -increased wealth of America and Europe. Slaves didn’t see this wealth

 Effects- Reduced population of Indigenous Americans( Native red Indians)

• Colonisation = Helped European countries build empires in South America eg Spain

• African slaves moved to Europe and The Americas to help manual labour due to loss of lives of Natives

• Introduced diseases killed the local people

• African slaves were brought

• Increased trade by Europeans into Africa swapping  slaves for goods.

• Trading then increased colonisation

Technological innovations to improve efficiency

Spinning jenny- Invented in 1765 by James Hargreaves, was able to produce many threads by just one man spinning it

Richard arkwrights water frame - invented in 1769, allowed to spin multiple strands of strong durable thread simultaneously by using water

Watt worked on a system that used gear wheels that converted reciprocating motion to circular motion.

Luddism

A popular movement in England 19th century, led by artisans protesting against the growing use of machines in productive processes. Considered their destroyed and deteriorated working conditions

Australia 1606 - 1901

Dutch captain Willem first european to reach australia and set foot on it in 1606.

James cook reached eastern coastline of australia in 19 april 1770

captain arthur phillip lead fleet and be colony’s first govenor.

first fleet - 11 ships left on may 13 1787 and arrived at botany bat on january 18, 1788

2nd fleet arrived in 1790 at sydney

impacts on aboriginals

british arrival in 1788 caused tragic and long-lasting changing to Australian indigenous conditions were living in.

• introduced diseases. many died as they had no immunity

• diseases such as smallpox which decimated many people. killing 70% of the population

• more diseases like syphilis > major health decline

• outbreaks of measles, tuberculosis and influenza > thousands of deaths.

more impacts on aboriginals

Changes to lifestyle - Aboriginals depended on european food as it was difficult for them to sustain themselves with traditional food. Flour and sugar to there diets led to ill health, diseases such as diabetes. Alcohol and tobacco dependence among aboriginal people was also an increasing problem.

Loss of culture - harder and harder for aboroginal to gain access to important cultural sites where they had their ritual and spiritual ceremonies, due to the Europeans taking up land.

Causes of British colonising australia

• American war of independence refused to take british prisoners

• new land

• more resources

• reducing crime rate

• alternative place for transportation

Opium wars

Britain found a way to trade with China, this was by trading a drug named opium. By 1760’s most opium was under british rule and sued as british. The British traders, convinced Chinese merchants to accept opium in exchange for products like tea. It flooded the chinese market 1773 onwards. This led to the downfall of the chinese economy as more opium was bought than silver. However the chinese banned it but then the british and chinese fought, to get it back on the trade but the chinese lost.

Gold rush

The discovery of gold had a significant influence on the economic and social development of the Australian colonies in the 19th century. It tripled the population of colonies and made melbourne one of the richest cities in the british empire

White Australia policy 1901

The White Australia policy was a discriminatory immigration policy that limited non-white immigration to Australia from 1901 to 1958

Short term causes of WW1

started in 1914 due to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. In response Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the assassination and threatened war.

How Militarism had a long term cause

Militarism: Occurs when a country builds up its military or allows leaders of the military to start making government decisions. All over Europe, britain and Germany were in a naval arms race to build the most powerful ships. This created a situation where armed forces wanted to test it out.

How Imperialism had a long term cause

Imperialism: Britain had the largest empire in the world, relying on its navy for protection while germany had unified in 1871, making it a relatively young nation eager to establish its own empire. In 1905 and 1911, Kaiser Wilhelm II, sougth to block France’s colonial expansions by deploying german troops to seize control of several french colonies in North Africa. On both occasions, France supported by Britain resisted germany leading to defeat. This led to conflict

How Alliance had a long term cause

Alliances: European nations entered into secret treaties, pledging to support their allies. 2 primary alliances were the triple entente, Britain, France and Russia and the Triple alliance, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.

How Nationalism had a long term cause

Occurs when a country’s patriotism escalated into hostility toward other nations or a belief in national superiority. Fuelled desire of smaller nations to gain independence from dominant empire, such as Austro-Hungarian empire. Geman nationalism wanted to prove they are better than other countries.

Schlieffen Plan

The Schlieffen Plan was a German military strategy for World War I that outlined how to defeat both France and Russia simultaneously: 

• Attack France first

  Use the majority of Germany's forces to attack France through Belgium, avoiding a direct border confrontation 

• Envelop and defeat France

  Use a large force to attack France's flank, then sweep around to crush the French armies in the south 

• Shift resources to Russia

  Once France was defeated, move troops east by rail to defend East Prussia and fight Russia 

Trench warfare

Shells: Giant exploding bullets weighing kilograms fired from cannons. Exploded into shrapnel tearing bodies apart.
Gas: poison chemicals which choked or burned any skin it touched.
Tanks: Slow, but terrifying, used for first time by Brits in WWI.
Planes: First used in WWI, mostly for taking photos of trenches at first.
Barbed Wire: Between trenches, slowing soldiers down, often killing them.
Machine guns; Rapid fire bullets, mowing down soldiers like grass.
Industrialized weaponry = heavy in WWI