G&D Exam 3- Postural Control and Prehension

what are the functions for postural control

maintain alignment of body’s segments in different positions, anticipate change to allow the body to engage, react to unexpected perturbations

what are the four types of postural control

static, reactive, anticipatory, and adaptive

maintains the body’s center of mass within the base of support

static postural control

in a person with normal stability, where does the trajectory of their center of gravity generally deviate to due to ankle stratege

anterior-posterior

what is often used to represent static postural control where there are more motions near the head and very little near the ankles

cone of stability

type of postural control that governs the unexpected movement of the COM within or outside the base of support

reactive

type of postural control that makes postural adjustments before a movement

anticipatory

type of postural control that is a modification of a motor response due to a change in environment conditions or task demands during the motion; ex. walking on ice or stepping on escalater

adaptive

what are these: limits of stability, environmental adaptation, musculoskeletal system, predictive central set, motor coordination, eye-head stabilization, sensory organization

components of postural control

component of postural control that is based on the size of the base of support and where the center of pressure is located in regards to the center of mass

limits of stability

point on the foot that allows you to feel where the center of gravity is in relation to it

center of pressure

component of postural control that relies on the structures, flexibility, and muscle tone

musculoskeletal system

component of postural control that relies on the vision, somatosensory, and vestibular systems

sensory organization

how does vision affect postural control

righting reactions and seeing if you are leaning forwards or backwards

how does the somatosensory system affect postural control

proprioceptors in the foot and joint signals where you are relative to your center of gravity

how does the vestibular system affect postural control

signaling the position of the head in space; whether it is tilting or rotating

in what order do the sensory systems for postural control develop

visual, somatosensory, then vestibular and cephalo-caudally

at what age to the sensory systems for postural control begin to develop

2 months

at what age does visual dominance begin to decline

3 years

at what age does adult-like postural control begin

7 years

what is denoted as the significant event that demonstrates adult-like postural control

vestibular information can be used efficiently and they can trust it without vision

what is used to test a person’s visual and support condition

sensory organization test

component of postural control that investigates how the head is stabilized and the eyes with labyrinths

eye-head stabilization

is it considered exocentric/egocentric if an individual can stabilize the head in space

exocentric

is it considered exocentric/egocentric if an individual can stabilize the head on the trunk

egocentric

component of postural control that relates to knowing how to do it but can you?

motor coordination

component of postural control that is anticipatory and minimizes disturbance to prepare for movement

predictive central set

component of postural control that is related to adaptive postural control

environmental adaptation

what is the direction of development for postural control

cephalocaudal and proximal to distal

prior to a baby being able to sit unsupported, how is it best to support them for them to be able to reach more smoothly

thoracic support

approximately 1 month after a baby can independently sit, how is it best to support them

pelvic support

when can a baby begin to sit independently

6-9 months

in the anterior-posterior directions, when are the ankles mature to maintain postural control of stance

7-10 years

if a force is coming from the mediolateral directions, what do you use to maintain postural control of stance

hips

at what age is the movement of the hips to maintain postural control of stance mature

4-6 years

generally, if you do not have very good stability, like in baby’s or the older population, or there is a massive force being applied, what occurs

stepping

with age, how does the base of support change upon standing

decreases

in regards to the arms, what is the more mature positioning when standing up: push or reach

reach because you are using core and changing the center of mass rather than the reaction force from the arms to stand up

what is the more mature positioning of the trunk when standing up: straight or rotation

straight

what is the more mater way of standing up: symmetrical or asymmetrical

symmetrical

what is the most common way of standing up that involves a lot of core strength

symmetrical

why do older adults resort to standing similar to the way children do

strength of knee extensors decrease and ROM in hip flexion and dorsiflexion decreases

the ability to use hands and upper limbs effectively

prehension

what is considered feedforward postural control

anticipatory postural adjustments

what are the aspects of postural control in regards to prehension

anticipatory postural adjustments, reactive control, and core stability by stabilizing the trunk over the pelvis

what is the useful range in order to generate the largest amount of active force

70-105% resting muscle length

when is active force at its lowest while passive is at its highest

200% of resting muscle length

the clarity or sharpness of vision

visual acuity

control of the position and movement of the eyes through accomodation and convergence

ocular control

adjust lens to focus on an object at different distances

accomodation

moving eyes toward midline when objects become closer

convergence

ability to use visual information to recognize, recall, discriminate, and understand what we see

visual perception

is established and complex processes develop with exposure to and interaction with different environments; occurs after 8 months when object permanence is developed

visual memory

allows us to localize objects in space and estimate the size and distance; comes from binocular and peripheral vision

depth perception

supports grasp and manipulation due to providing info about object size and shape required for grip calibration and dextrous hand movement

central vision

aids reaching by providing cues about object distance and direction along with object or limb motion

peripheral vision

what is the upper arm phenomenon in reaching

proximal shoulder girdle control and beginning development of this is inaccurate

when does reaching become visually guided

4 months

what is the least mature version of reaching: bilateral or unilateral

bilateral

what is power grip

involves grasping things with the palm

what is precision grips used for

smaller objects

when does peak aperture for grip occur

70-75% of total movement time

when is opening aperture adjusted

9-13 months

at what age can children scale the grip aperture to object size

12 years

in grasp development, what occurs first

hand regard

in grasp development, what occurs after hand regard

reflexive ulnar grasp with wrist flexed

in grasp development, what occurs after reflexive ulnar grasp

retaining objects in hand with midline fingering, mouthing of fingers, and swiping in visual field

in grasp development, what occurs after retaining objects in hand

primitive squeeze grasp with wrist flexed and raking (using all fingers to get object)

in grasp development, what occurs after primitive squeeze grasp

palmar grasp with no thumb participation and wrist moving in neutral

in grasp development, what occurs after palmar grasp

radial palmar grasp where thumb adduction begins; mouthing of objects

in grasp development, what develops after radial palmar grasp

scissors grasp where thumb adduction is stronger and smaller objects are held between the thumb and the radial side of index finger

in grasp development, what occurs after scissors grasp

radial-digital grasp where thumb opposition begins

in grasp development, what occurs after radial-digital grasp

inferior pincer grasp

what is inferior pincer grasp

volar hold vs pad to pad so the hand is supported before grasping and object is held proximal to DIP joint

in grasp development, what occurs slightly after/ at the same time as inferior pincer grasp

pincer grasp (support before grasping)

in grasp development, what occurs after pincer grasp

superior pincer grasp (tip to tip)

in grasp development, what occurs after superior pincer grasp

three jaw chuck

what is three jaw chuck grasp

wrist is extended and ulnarly deviated with the pads of multiple fingers involved

sustaining a grip or pinch on an object or tool

manipulation

how is manipulation achieved

isometric contractions and intermittent isotonic contractions

what are the types of in-hand manipulation

shift, translation, and rotation

type of in-hand manipulation that refers to the movement of an object on the finger pads or between the fingers

shift

type of in-hand manipulation that is the movement of an object around its axis using the fingers

rotation

type of in-hand manipulation that is the movement of an object from fingers to palm or palm to fingers

translation

the ability to recognize the names and properties of objects without vision through sensory cues and in-hand manipulation

stereognosis/ haptic perception

what is point of stability used for

transfer hand to hand to help with release

when does voluntary release develop

7-9 months

type of release that is uncontrolled and generally involves dropping the object

crude release

type of release that is in a controlled manner, usually by placing the object

graded release

when does graded release of blocks develop

12 months

when does graded release of pellets develop

15 months

when does bilateral reach in midline develop

4 months

what develops at 5 months in regards to bimanual coordination

object size and presentation determines if unilateral or bilateral reach is used; begins to hold bottle and bang and shake it around

when do differential bimanual movements develop where you are using both hands to do seperate tasks

8-10 months

when does a child develop reach and grup patterns that are adult like for eating and self-care

2 years

what is the least mature type of grasp and manipulation

palmar-supinate

what grasp and manipulation type comes after palmar-supinate

digital-pronate that involves the thumb and fingers

what grasp and manipulation occurs after digital-pronate and is controlled by the shoulder

static-tripod (thumb and 2 fingers)

what grasp and manipulation is the most mature

dynamic-tripod/ sequence