Lifespan Motor Development Exam 2

What are infantile reflexes? For the following, know the stimulus and response [asymmetric tonic neck, symmetric tonic neck, palmar grasp, moro, Babinski, startle, stepping]

Infantile reflexes are specific, involuntary reflexive movements that come as reaction to stimulus, present before birth. ATN- turn their head, arm, and leg

STN- supported sitting, ext and flex head and neck, arms and legs extend

P- stroke palm, hand grips

M- shake head, arm and legs extend, flex

B- stroke foot, toes extend

Startle- startle baby and their leg/arms extend and flex

Step- hold them above ground and their legs move in walking pattern

How do infantile reflexes differ from postural reactions?

Infantile reflexes happen prior to birth and are involuntary after stimulus interaction. Postural reactions and voluntary movements that help the baby to stay over center of gravity. The rate limiter is lifting their head.

For the following postural reactions, know the starting position, stimulus and response [derotative righting, labyrinthine righting, parachute]

DR- supine, as legs and pelvis rotate, so do trunk and head

LR- sitting up right, tilt, head follows to stay upright

P- hold baby above ground/tilt > arms and legs go outward

How do you explain the relationship between infants’ earlier and later movements?

McGraw- reflexes need to go away before voluntary movement, disappear due to disuse

Thelen- other constraints like weight and strength impact the disappearance more

What are motor milestones? Explain with examples

Motor milestone are landmarks of development in motor control, skills gained lead to voluntary movement. Creeping, crawling, standing, walking

Explain how early movements are shaped by a variety of constraints.

individual constraints become rate controllers, experience, environment, cultural differences all impact how and when a child develops, attenment can act as a rate limiters for other skills

Explain postural development and balance in infancy.

Postural development is when the child begins to grow core strength and balance and can begin to hold themselves up and learn to respond to proprioceptive cues. Somatosensory and perceptual info is important.

What is meant by fundamental motor skills?

fundamental motor skills are motor milestones and learned movement patterns

What are developmental sequences?

developmental sequences are the steps taken to get to a place of proficient movement and skill level, determined by longitudinal study

What is the difference between intertask and intratask developmental sequences? Can you create the locomotor/projection intertask sequence?

intertask- between skills (standing, walking running)

intratask- within the skill (steps of…)

Define locomotion in general.

locomotion is moving from one place to another and how you did it

What are early walking characteristics, rate limiters to walking, proficient walking patterns, and developmental changes in early and later walking?

early: independent steps, small steps, little extension, toes out, flat foot, no trunk rotation, arms up >balance, stability>mobility

proficenint: increased stride length, heel then forefoot, ROM, smaller BoS, rotation, oppositional arms

developmental changes: rortionation in pelvis, knee flex, foot contact w/ wider BoS, heel then forefoot, single foot support, oppositional arms; older adults go backwards

What are early running characteristics, rate limiters to running, proficient running patterns, and developmental changes to running?

early: less extension, less ROM, short stride, little arm use, weird leg directional movements

proficient: greater stride length, heel strikes first, narrow BoS

Describe other locomotor skills. What are some of the constraints that can affect locomotion?

Explain what a ballistic skill is. List the common ballistic skills.

What is the difference between a product and process measure?

How does throwing for force differ from throwing for accuracy?

What are the common developmental changes in throwing, kicking, punting, and striking movements?

What are the similar characteristics of early performers across the various ballistic skills?

What are the similar characteristics of proficient performance of ballistic skills?

What are some common developmental changes in ballistic skills?

How do POMS relate to developmental changes in ballistic skills?

Describe a transition in infancy from the use of power grips to pick up objects to the use of precision grips?

Explain how the size of an object, relative to the size of the hand, can influence the grip used to pick up the object?

Explain the role of vision in learning to reach for objects?

Describe early and proficient catching and identify developmental changes in catching

Explain how catchers are able to intercept objects.