Jackson & Reform - Key Terms 

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Election of 1828
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Andrew Jackson wins against John Quincy Adams, presenting himself as the representative of the common man and reversing conservative trends.
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Political philosophy advocating for the common man, opposed to federal government spending and the national debt.

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62 Terms

1
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson wins against John Quincy Adams, presenting himself as the representative of the common man and reversing conservative trends.
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2
Jacksonian Democracy
Political philosophy advocating for the common man, opposed to federal government spending and the national debt.
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3
Kitchen Cabinet
A group of Andrew Jackson's closest informal advisors who were more influential than his official cabinet.
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4
Spoils System
Practice of giving government jobs to political supporters rather than based on qualifications, popularized by Jackson.
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5
King Caucus
System where presidential candidates were chosen by political party leaders in Congress, limiting influence of the common man.
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6
National Republicans
Political group opposing Jackson, supporting John Quincy Adams, favoring a stronger federal government.
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7
Worcester vs. Georgia
Supreme Court case ruling that Georgia laws had no impact on Cherokee territory, which President Jackson ignored.
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8
Trail of Tears
Forced removal of 15,000 Cherokees from Georgia leading to thousands of deaths due to harsh conditions.
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9
Indian Resistance – Red Hawk, Seminoles
Opposition to Indian Removal Act, resulting in conflicts like the Seminole Wars.
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10
Maysville Road Bill Veto
Jackson rejected proposed transportation infrastructure, fearing it would expand federal power and national debt.
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11
Nullification – John C. Calhoun
Belief that states could void federal laws perceived as harmful, prominent in the South during the Nullification Crisis.
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12
Force Bill
Legislation allowing the President to use military force to enforce federal tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.
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13
Foote Resolution
Call to end land sales supported by New England manufacturers, opposed by Jacksonian Democrats.
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14
Webster-Hayne Debate
Debate over nullification between Robert Hayne advocating for it and Daniel Webster opposing.
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15
Peggy Eaton Affair
Social conflict in Jackson's cabinet over acceptance of Peggy Eaton, leading to the resignation of several cabinet members.
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16
Tariff of 1832
Increased taxes on imports, contributing to tensions leading to the Nullification Crisis.
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17
Democrats vs. Whigs
Democrats led by Jackson favored common man and individual liberties, while Whigs supported federal power and economic development.
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18
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Bank of the United States who opposed Jackson during the Bank War.
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19
Jackson’s Bank Veto
Jackson declared the federal bank unconstitutional, contributing to the Panic of 1837.
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20
Independent Treasury Plan
System separating federal finances from national banks, implemented to mitigate the impact of the Panic of 1837.
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21
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
Exploration of American democracy, highlighting society's unique equality and 'individualism'.
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22
Unitarianism – William Channing
Religious sect rejecting the Holy Trinity, advocating social reform and religious unity.
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23
Charles G. Finney, the burned-over district
Revivalist preacher known for his impactful religious revivals during the Second Great Awakening.
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24
William Miller
Religious leader associated with Millerism, predicting the imminent return of Christ.
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25
Horace Mann
Education reformer advocating for free public education in America.
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26
Oberlin College
Progressive college known for its abolitionist stance and coeducational approach during the antebellum era.
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27
American Colonization Society
Organization promoting the relocation of free blacks and former slaves to Africa.
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28
William Lloyd Garrison – The Liberator
Abolitionist newspaper advocating for the immediate emancipation of slaves.
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29
Horace Greely
Newspaper editor and social reform advocate known for his strong antislavery stance.
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30
Theodore Dwight Weld
Abolitionist writer whose work influenced the abolitionist movement, especially 'American Slavery as It Is'.
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31
Frederick Douglass
Former enslaved individual and influential abolitionist known for his powerful rhetoric and writings.
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32
Cult of True Womanhood
Cultural belief system defining women's roles as centered on piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity.
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33
Underground Railroad
A secret network aiding enslaved people escaping to freedom, notably involving figures like Harriet Tubman.
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34
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A violent slave uprising that led to heightened fears among slave owners and stricter slave laws.
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35
South defense of slavery
Arguments justifying slavery as economically necessary and beneficial for African Americans.
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36
Seneca Falls Convention
First women's rights convention, producing the Declaration of Sentiments advocating for women's equality.
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37
Susan B. Anthony
Activist for women's suffrage and co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association.
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38
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Key figure in the women's rights movement, known for the Declaration of Sentiments.
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39
Lucretia Mott
Quaker activist advocating for women's rights and abolition, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.
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40
Sojourner Truth
Former enslaved woman known for her advocacy for abolition and women's rights, famous for her 'Ain't I a Woman?' speech.
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41
Harriet Tubman
Leader in the Underground Railroad, instrumental in securing freedom for numerous enslaved individuals.
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42
Temperance Movement, Maine Law
Advocacy for alcohol abstinence rooted in Protestant values; the Maine Law banned alcoholic sales.
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43
Grimke Sisters
Prominent activists for women's rights and abolition who challenged traditional gender roles.
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44
Dorothea Dix
Social reformer advocating for mental health care and challenging 19th-century views on mental illness.
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45
Auburn System
Penal method emphasizing rehabilitation through labor, primarily used in Auburn Prison.
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46
Transcendentalism
Philosophical movement emphasizing individuality, intuition, and a connection to nature.
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47
Writers – Irving, Cooper, Melville, Poe, Emerson, Hawthorne
Prominent authors of the 19th century contributing to American literature in various genres.
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48
Historians – Parkman & Bancroft
Notable American historians known for their detailed accounts of history.
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49
Henry David Thoreau
Transcendentalist writer and philosopher focused on nature, individualism, and civil disobedience.
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50
Hudson River School
Art movement focusing on American landscapes, characterized by romanticism and national pride.
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51
Lyceum Movement
Public education initiative promoting organized adult education and community speakers.
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52
Changing Population Patterns
Demographic shifts due to Manifest Destiny and urban growth.
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53
Charles Fourier - Brook Farm
Utopian community experiment promoting communal living and labor; ultimately failed.
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54
Utopian Communities – Fruitlands, Oneida
Attempts at creating ideal societies, with Oneida achieving financial success while Fruitlands failed.
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55
Joseph Smith – Mormons
Founder of the Mormon religion, known for the Book of Mormon and teachings on polygamy.
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56
Samuel Morse
Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, revolutionizing long-distance communication.
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57
Elias Howe
Inventor of the sewing machine, significantly impacting clothing mass production.
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58
Isaac Singer
Developer of the practical sewing machine and a major player in the sewing machine industry.
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59
John Deere
Inventor of the steel plow, enhancing farming efficiency in the Midwest.
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60
Cyrus McCormick
Inventor of the mechanical reaper, revolutionizing the harvesting of crops.
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61
Caroline & Creole Affairs
Diplomatic crises between the US and Britain involving ship raids and slave uprisings.
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62
Election of 1840
William Henry Harrison elected president, died shortly after, leading to John Tyler's presidency.
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