Studied by 3 people
What sources fueled nationalistic rivalries between Europe’s Great Powers?
competition between powers for materials and markets.
Britain was a leader of European industry, finance, and shipping
How did imperialism contribute to increasing tensions between the Great Powers?
Imperial rivalries and completion for new territories and possessions in Asia and Africa. Fueled tensions between European countries
How did militarism contribute to increasing tensions between the great powers?
All great powers but Britain had large armies. Military experts were stressing importance of being able to quickly mobilize or organize and move troops in case of war. Policy of glorifying military, power and kept a army prepared for war was militarism
What were Bismarck’s diplomatic goals and policies after 1871?
Bismarck declared Germany to be “satisfied power.” He then turned his energies to maintain peace. His first goal was to keep France isolated
How did Kaiser Willem II change Germanys foreign policy, and what were the results?
Wilhelmina set Germany on a new course. He let alliance with France in 1891. Germany was then at a two-front war on its eastern and western boarders.
By 1907, what two rival camps existed in Europe?
On 1 side of the triple alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
Triple Entente was Britain, France, and Russia
Why were the Balkans known as the “power keg of europe”?
Long history of nationalists uprisings and ethnic clashes
What were serbias goals in the Balkans and how did this contribute to tensions between the Great Powers?
Serbia wanted to absorb all Slavs on the Balkans. Russia and Austria in conflict. Russia a Slavic nation and Austria was scared of their small Slavic population. Both wanted to fill power vacuum left by Ottoman decline.
What were the effects of Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?
Possibility of war arose. Russia offered Serbia full support, but offer didn’t mean much. Russia was unprepared for war. Germany stood behind Russia and Austria backed down.
How was Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated?
Shot at point-blank range as they rode through the streets taking a wrong turn. Killer a member of Black hand, a secret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian rule.
How did Austria and Germany respond to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?
Austria used murders as an excuse to punish serbia, because the assassin was a Serbian. Wilhelm II, urged Austria to be aggressive this let Austria do what it wanted with Serbia
What did Austria demand in its ultimatum to serbia? how did serbia respond? How did Austria respond to Serbia?
The demands in the ultimatum included an end to all anti-Austrian activity. It also included Serbian leaders would have had to allow Austrian officials into their country to conduct an investigation into the assassinations. Austria did not want to negotiate. Austria rejected serbias offer and declared war
Into what two rival camps was europe divided in 1914?
Triple Entente - including Britain, France, and Russia.
Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria - Hungary, and Italy
How did Russia and Germany respond to Austria’s declaration of war on Serbia?
Russia, began moving toward Russian-Austrian border. Expecting Germany to join Austria, Russia mobilized along german border. Germany soon declared war on Russia and France two days later
What was the Sclieffen Plan and why was sped important to success?
called for attacking France and then Russia
Believed Russia would have trouble mobilizing troops
Large part of army would race west to defeat France and rest east to fight Russia
Speed vital France had troops all along boarder with Germany so it would be slow
Why did Germany invade Belgium? How did UK respond to the invasion?
Frances northern boarder with Belgium was unprotected UK had close ties with Belgium and was outraged by violation of Belgian neutrality and declared war on Germany in August 4
Which nations made up central powers?
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Later Bulgaria And Ottoman Empire
What nations made up the allies?
UK
France
Austria
How did Italy justify its decision to abandon Germany and its allies?
Italy felt Germans attack on Belgium was unprovoked
How did soldiers respond to the news of war in summer of 1914? What did British foreign minister Sir Edward Grey predict?
Happy believing war would be short, only few saw horror awaiting.
Sir Edward Gray predicted “lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”
What was the western Front??
Germany in battlefields in northern France, a deadlocked region.
What happened at the first battle of Marne? Why was this battle perhaps the single most important event of the war?
defeat of Germany by allies in edge of Paris left sclieffen plan in ruins
In east Russian forces had already invaded Germany
Germany now had to fight a 2 front war
What was trench warfare? What kinds of conditions and fighting characterized this style of warfare?
Early 1915, opposing armies on western front dug miles of parcel tranches To protect themselves form enemy fires
Soldiers fought each other to protect themselves form trench’s and armies traded losses for pitifully small land gains
Solider’s lied in mud with rats and no food or sleep
Poison gas
Introduced by Germans bu used by north sides and caused blinding and blisters and death by choking.
Machine gun
Could wipe of attackers quickly
Tanks
Introduced by British at battle of Somme and aided the allies
Airplane
Both sides use to drop bombs
guns attached to planes
Submarine
introduced by Germans
What did battles of verdun and Somme demonstrate about war?
Germany, weapons caused many casualties
All new weapons did was kill huge numbers of people more effectively
What was the eastern front and how did it compare to the western front?
Stretch of battlefield along german and Russian border
Russian and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians and Turks
Why was Russian’s war effort near collapse by 1916?
yet to become industrialized, russia’s army was short on food, guns, clothes, boots and blankets
Allies could not ship supplies because all ports were blocked
What was Russia’s greatest asset? How did Russia’s involvement help the French and British on the Western Front?
its numbers, millions of soldiers due to huge population
Managed to tie up hundreds of thousands of german troops in the east, therefore Germany could not hurl its full fighting force at the east
How did the war widen geographically after it began in 1914? What effect did this have on the conflict?
Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and central powers
Japan entered on allies die widening conflict further
Italy joined allies
Why did Allies believe that an attack on region of the Ottoman Empire called the Dardanelles would be a promising strategy?
Believed that they could take Constantinople (capital of Dardanelles) defeat Turks and establish a supply like to Russia
May be able to mount a offensive into Austrian heartland by way of Darube river
What happened during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915?
British, Austrian, new se land, and French troops made retreated assaults on Gallipoli Penninsula on Easter side of Turkey
Turned into bloody stalemate, dug trenches and casualties
Britains helped Arab nationalists.
What role did Lawrence of Arabia play during the war?
Raids against Turks, took control of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus
What happened to Germanys colonies during the war?
Japan overran germany outposts in chine and captured Germanys pacific island colonies
English and French troops attacked Germans African posesiones
How did British and French colonial subjects respond to the war effort?
many fought and did some wanted nothin to do with it and others volunteered hoping it would led to independence.
What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
In January 1917, Germans announced their submarines would sink without warning any ships in waters around Britain.
What happened when Germans first used unrestricted submarine war-fare in 1915? Why did they do it again?
German U-boat sunk British Lusitania, leaving many dead it made America very angry and they protested and agreed to stop. In 1917, believed it would lead to a war with US
How did Zimmerman Note contribute to America’s entry into the war?
Note said Germany could help Mexico “reconquer” land it lost to US if Mexico would ally with Germany. Britain decoded it for US and US called for war against Germany siding with the Allies
Why did many Americans side with the Allies?
a large part felt a bond with UK sharing a language and ancestors
Anti-german
What is meant by the term total war?
countries devoted all their resources to war effort
What are some of the ways in which governments waged total war?
propaganda
Rationing, people could only buy small amounts of goods
What impact did the war have on women?
women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
Kept troops supplied
Changed views on women
Why did czar Nicolas II abdicate his throne in March 1917?
War-related shortages of food and fuel brought czars govt to brick of collapse
Why did a second revolution take placed in Russia in November 1917?
army refused to fight any longer. 8 months later revolution occurred
Lenin insisted on ending countries involvement in the war
How did Russia’s involvement in the war come to an end?
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended war between Russia and Germany
What enabled the Germans to launch massive, final attack on the Allies in France in March 1918? What were the results?
Russia’s withdrawal from war allowed Germany to send all forces to the western front.
Germany military was weakened
America counterattacked
What happened at the Second Battle of the Marne?
Allies and Germans clashed
Central powers began to crumble
Allies moved toward Germany
How did the war come to an end?
Ottomans and Bulgarians summoned
A revolution in Austria-Hungary brought the war to an end
Kaiser Willem II forced to step down and Germany declared a republic
Armistice signed by Germany and France to end fighting
Who were the Big Four leaders at the Paris Peace Conference? What nations were not represented?
Woodrow Wilson
George’s Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
Victorio Orlando
Germany and its allies not represented
What was the goal of the Fourteen Points? What specific provisions did they contain for the postwar world?
end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and natives
5th goal, adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial people
6-13th specific questions for changing borders and making new rules
14th organization that peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts
How did aims of Britain and especially France differ from those of the US?
Britain and France showed little signs of agreeing to Wilson’s vision of peace
Both concerned for nation security
France wanted to punish Germany
What was the purpose of the League of Nations? How was it structured? What nations were left out?
a international association goal was to keep peace among nations
General assembly of 32 allied neutral nations
5 Allied powers were executive council
Germany and Russia left out
How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?
Lost substantial territory and had serve restrictions placed on its military operations
Article 231 “war guilt” placing Germany responsible for war as a result Germany had to pay reparations to Allies
What new nations were created in Europe at the end of the war?
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Yugoslavia
What happened to the lands that had been controlled by the Ottoman Empire after the war?
Allies claimed lands ottomans lost in Southwest Asia into mandates
Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan under British control
Syria and Lebanon to France
What losses did Russia suffer in the postwar world?
Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
All independent nations
Why did the US reject Treaty of Versailles?
Considered being the dominant nation in the world
America thought best was to stay out of European affairs
What complaints did various countries and people have over the Treaty of Versailles?
left Germany angry
Others felt cheated and betrayed
In Africa and Asia angry at way Allie’s disregarded their for independence
Nations unhappy with being mandated by League of Nations
What were the human and economic costs of the war?
8.5 million dead soldiers
21 mil soldiers injured
$338 billion total cost of war
Why were survivors of war referred to as the lost generation?
Enormous suffering and pointless seen by survivors
How did Czar Alexander II uphold absolute rule and orthodoxy in Russia?
strict censorship
Harsh measures
Secret police
How did Nicholas II view his role as czar? What changes were taking place in Russia during his reign?
absolute emperor
Growth industrially, factories doubled and growth of steel industry
What steps did Sergey Witte take to move Russia forward economically?
Higher taxes and foreign investments helped finance Russian industries
Trans-Siberian railway longest continuous rail line
Why did industrialization in Russia lead to unrest?
working conditions, low wages, and child labor
Workers were unhappy and a huge gap between the rich and poor
What did Russian Marxists believe? Into what two groups did they divide?
Industrial class of workers would overthrow Czar
Mensheviks- wanted a broad base of popular support for revolution
Bolsheviks- committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for radical change
Who was Vladimir Lenin? What did he do in early 1900s?
leader of Bolshevik’s
Fled to west europe to avoid arrest by czarist regime
What were the causes and results of the Russo-Japanese War?
completion between Russia and Japan Over Manchuria and Korea who broke agreement and Japan attacked
Treaty of Portsmouth after Russia was defeated
What happened on Bloody Sunday? What were the effects of this event?
Workers carried a petition for better working conditions, personal freedom, and national legislature
1,000 killed and provoked strikes across Russia and it provoked strikes across Russia and Nicolas promised them freedom
Why was Russia unprepared for WW1? What problems did Russia have during the war?
weak generals
Poorly equipped troops
Many soldiers killed, weakness of craziest rules and military leadership
What were the causes and results of the March Revolution in 1917?
women lead a strike
Forced czar Nicolas ii to abdicate throne
What was the provisional govt? Why did lose support?
Temporary government made decision to keep fighting war, conditions worsened in Russia
Everyone in Russia was angry
What were the soviets?
Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers
What were the causes and results of the November Revolution in 1917?
Lenin and Bolsheviks saw opportunity to seize power
Took over government officials and unarmed leaders of provisional
Russian soviet socialist republic formed
What steps did Lenin and the Bolsheviks take after seizing power?
all farmland distributed among peasants
Signed truce with Germany to stop fighting on eastern front
Granted workers control of factories
What were the causes and results of the civil war in Russia from 1918 to 1920?
Brest-livosk singed Russians upset with bolsheviks
Million of Russians died
US sent aid to White army
Red army wins government is restructured
Why did Lenin launch the new Economic policy (NEP) in 1921? What did it do?
Revive economy after civil war
Peasants could sell surplus Crops instead of turning them to govt.
private ownership and encouraged foreign investment
What political reforms did Lenin make as ruler of Russia?
organized Russia into several self-governing republics under central government
USSR
New name for Bolsheviks to Communist Party
Moscow new capital
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