PBA EURO

What sources fueled nationalistic rivalries between Europe’s Great Powers?

* competition between powers for materials and markets.
* Britain was a leader of European industry, finance, and shipping

How did imperialism contribute to increasing tensions between the Great Powers?

Imperial rivalries and completion for new territories and possessions in Asia and Africa. Fueled tensions between European countries

How did militarism contribute to increasing tensions between the great powers?

All great powers but Britain had large armies. Military experts were stressing importance of being able to quickly mobilize or organize and move troops in case of war. Policy of glorifying military, power and kept a army prepared for war was militarism

What were Bismarck’s diplomatic goals and policies after 1871?

Bismarck declared Germany to be “satisfied power.” He then turned his energies to maintain peace. His first goal was to keep France isolated

How did Kaiser Willem II change Germanys foreign policy, and what were the results?

Wilhelmina set Germany on a new course. He let alliance with France in 1891. Germany was then at a two-front war on its eastern and western boarders.

By 1907, what two rival camps existed in Europe?

* On 1 side of the triple alliance was Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
* Triple Entente was Britain, France, and Russia

Why were the Balkans known as the “power keg of europe”?

Long history of nationalists uprisings and ethnic clashes

What were serbias goals in the Balkans and how did this contribute to tensions between the Great Powers?

Serbia wanted to absorb all Slavs on the Balkans. Russia and Austria in conflict. Russia a Slavic nation and Austria was scared of their small Slavic population. Both wanted to fill power vacuum left by Ottoman decline.

What were the effects of Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina?

Possibility of war arose. Russia offered Serbia full support, but offer didn’t mean much. Russia was unprepared for war. Germany stood behind Russia and Austria backed down.

How was Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated?

Shot at point-blank range as they rode through the streets taking a wrong turn. Killer a member of Black hand, a secret society committed to riding Bosnia of Austrian rule.

How did Austria and Germany respond to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand?

Austria used murders as an excuse to punish serbia, because the assassin was a Serbian. Wilhelm II, urged Austria to be aggressive this let Austria do what it wanted with Serbia

What did Austria demand in its ultimatum to serbia? how did serbia respond? How did Austria respond to Serbia?

The demands in the ultimatum included an end to all anti-Austrian activity. It also included Serbian leaders would have had to allow Austrian officials into their country to conduct an investigation into the assassinations. Austria did not want to negotiate. Austria rejected serbias offer and declared war

Into what two rival camps was europe divided in 1914?

Triple Entente - including Britain, France, and Russia.

Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria - Hungary, and Italy

How did Russia and Germany respond to Austria’s declaration of war on Serbia?

Russia, began moving toward Russian-Austrian border. Expecting Germany to join Austria, Russia mobilized along german border. Germany soon declared war on Russia and France two days later

What was the Sclieffen Plan and why was sped important to success?

* called for attacking France and then Russia
* Believed Russia would have trouble mobilizing troops
* Large part of army would race west to defeat France and rest east to fight Russia
* Speed vital France had troops all along boarder with Germany so it would be slow

Why did Germany invade Belgium? How did UK respond to the invasion?

Frances northern boarder with Belgium was unprotected UK had close ties with Belgium and was outraged by violation of Belgian neutrality and declared war on Germany in August 4

Which nations made up central powers?

* Germany


* Austria-Hungary
* Later Bulgaria And Ottoman Empire

What nations made up the allies?

* UK
* France
* Austria

How did Italy justify its decision to abandon Germany and its allies?

Italy felt Germans attack on Belgium was unprovoked

How did soldiers respond to the news of war in summer of 1914? What did British foreign minister Sir Edward Grey predict?

* Happy believing war would be short, only few saw horror awaiting.


* Sir Edward Gray predicted “lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.”

What was the western Front??

Germany in battlefields in northern France, a deadlocked region.

What happened at the first battle of Marne? Why was this battle perhaps the single most important event of the war?

* defeat of Germany by allies in edge of Paris left sclieffen plan in ruins
* In east Russian forces had already invaded Germany
* Germany now had to fight a 2 front war

What was trench warfare? What kinds of conditions and fighting characterized this style of warfare?

* Early 1915, opposing armies on western front dug miles of parcel tranches To protect themselves form enemy fires
* Soldiers fought each other to protect themselves form trench’s and armies traded losses for pitifully small land gains
* Solider’s lied in mud with rats and no food or sleep

Poison gas

Introduced by Germans bu used by north sides and caused blinding and blisters and death by choking.

Machine gun

Could wipe of attackers quickly

Tanks

Introduced by British at battle of Somme and aided the allies

Airplane

* Both sides use to drop bombs


* guns attached to planes

Submarine

* introduced by Germans

What did battles of verdun and Somme demonstrate about war?

* Germany, weapons caused many casualties
* All new weapons did was kill huge numbers of people more effectively

What was the eastern front and how did it compare to the western front?

* Stretch of battlefield along german and Russian border
* Russian and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians and Turks

Why was Russian’s war effort near collapse by 1916?

* yet to become industrialized, russia’s army was short on food, guns, clothes, boots and blankets
* Allies could not ship supplies because all ports were blocked

What was Russia’s greatest asset? How did Russia’s involvement help the French and British on the Western Front?

* its numbers, millions of soldiers due to huge population
* Managed to tie up hundreds of thousands of german troops in the east, therefore Germany could not hurl its full fighting force at the east

How did the war widen geographically after it began in 1914? What effect did this have on the conflict?

* Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria allied themselves with Germany and central powers
* Japan entered on allies die widening conflict further
* Italy joined allies

Why did Allies believe that an attack on region of the Ottoman Empire called the Dardanelles would be a promising strategy?

* Believed that they could take Constantinople (capital of Dardanelles) defeat Turks and establish a supply like to Russia
* May be able to mount a offensive into Austrian heartland by way of Darube river

What happened during the Gallipoli Campaign in 1915?

* British, Austrian, new se land, and French troops made retreated assaults on Gallipoli Penninsula on Easter side of Turkey
* Turned into bloody stalemate, dug trenches and casualties
* Britains helped Arab nationalists.

What role did Lawrence of Arabia play during the war?

Raids against Turks, took control of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus

What happened to Germanys colonies during the war?

* Japan overran germany outposts in chine and captured Germanys pacific island colonies
* English and French troops attacked Germans African posesiones

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How did British and French colonial subjects respond to the war effort?

many fought and did some wanted nothin to do with it and others volunteered hoping it would led to independence.

What was unrestricted submarine warfare?

In January 1917, Germans announced their submarines would sink without warning any ships in waters around Britain.

What happened when Germans first used unrestricted submarine war-fare in 1915? Why did they do it again?

German U-boat sunk British Lusitania, leaving many dead it made America very angry and they protested and agreed to stop. In 1917, believed it would lead to a war with US

How did Zimmerman Note contribute to America’s entry into the war?

Note said Germany could help Mexico “reconquer” land it lost to US if Mexico would ally with Germany. Britain decoded it for US and US called for war against Germany siding with the Allies

Why did many Americans side with the Allies?

* a large part felt a bond with UK sharing a language and ancestors
* Anti-german

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What is meant by the term total war?

countries devoted all their resources to war effort

What are some of the ways in which governments waged total war?

* propaganda
* Rationing, people could only buy small amounts of goods

What impact did the war have on women?

* women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
* Kept troops supplied
* Changed views on women

Why did czar Nicolas II abdicate his throne in March 1917?

War-related shortages of food and fuel brought czars govt to brick of collapse

Why did a second revolution take placed in Russia in November 1917?

* army refused to fight any longer. 8 months later revolution occurred
* Lenin insisted on ending countries involvement in the war

How did Russia’s involvement in the war come to an end?

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended war between Russia and Germany

What enabled the Germans to launch massive, final attack on the Allies in France in March 1918? What were the results?

* Russia’s withdrawal from war allowed Germany to send all forces to the western front.
* Germany military was weakened
* America counterattacked

What happened at the Second Battle of the Marne?

* Allies and Germans clashed
* Central powers began to crumble
* Allies moved toward Germany

How did the war come to an end?

* Ottomans and Bulgarians summoned
* A revolution in Austria-Hungary brought the war to an end
* Kaiser Willem II forced to step down and Germany declared a republic
* Armistice signed by Germany and France to end fighting

Who were the Big Four leaders at the Paris Peace Conference? What nations were not represented?

* Woodrow Wilson


* George’s Clemenceau


* David Lloyd George


* Victorio Orlando

Germany and its allies not represented

What was the goal of the Fourteen Points? What specific provisions did they contain for the postwar world?

* end to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and natives
* 5th goal, adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial people
* 6-13th specific questions for changing borders and making new rules
* 14th organization that peacefully negotiate solutions to world conflicts

How did aims of Britain and especially France differ from those of the US?

* Britain and France showed little signs of agreeing to Wilson’s vision of peace
* Both concerned for nation security
* France wanted to punish Germany

What was the purpose of the League of Nations? How was it structured? What nations were left out?

* a international association goal was to keep peace among nations
* General assembly of 32 allied neutral nations
* 5 Allied powers were executive council
* Germany and Russia left out

How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?

* Lost substantial territory and had serve restrictions placed on its military operations
* Article 231 “war guilt” placing Germany responsible for war as a result Germany had to pay reparations to Allies

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What new nations were created in Europe at the end of the war?

* Austria
* Hungary
* Poland
* Czechoslovakia
* Yugoslavia

What happened to the lands that had been controlled by the Ottoman Empire after the war?

* Allies claimed lands ottomans lost in Southwest Asia into mandates


* Palestine, Iraq, and Transjordan under British control


* Syria and Lebanon to France

What losses did Russia suffer in the postwar world?

* Finland
* Estonia
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* All independent nations

Why did the US reject Treaty of Versailles?

* Considered being the dominant nation in the world
* America thought best was to stay out of European affairs

What complaints did various countries and people have over the Treaty of Versailles?

* left Germany angry
* Others felt cheated and betrayed
* In Africa and Asia angry at way Allie’s disregarded their for independence
* Nations unhappy with being mandated by League of Nations

What were the human and economic costs of the war?

* 8.5 million dead soldiers
* 21 mil soldiers injured
* $338 billion total cost of war

Why were survivors of war referred to as the lost generation?

Enormous suffering and pointless seen by survivors

How did Czar Alexander II uphold absolute rule and orthodoxy in Russia?

* strict censorship
* Harsh measures
* Secret police

How did Nicholas II view his role as czar? What changes were taking place in Russia during his reign?

* absolute emperor
* Growth industrially, factories doubled and growth of steel industry

What steps did Sergey Witte take to move Russia forward economically?

* Higher taxes and foreign investments helped finance Russian industries
* Trans-Siberian railway longest continuous rail line

Why did industrialization in Russia lead to unrest?

* working conditions, low wages, and child labor
* Workers were unhappy and a huge gap between the rich and poor

What did Russian Marxists believe? Into what two groups did they divide?

* Industrial class of workers would overthrow Czar
* Mensheviks- wanted a broad base of popular support for revolution
* Bolsheviks- committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for radical change

Who was Vladimir Lenin? What did he do in early 1900s?

* leader of Bolshevik’s
* Fled to west europe to avoid arrest by czarist regime

What were the causes and results of the Russo-Japanese War?

* completion between Russia and Japan Over Manchuria and Korea who broke agreement and Japan attacked
* Treaty of Portsmouth after Russia was defeated

What happened on Bloody Sunday? What were the effects of this event?

* Workers carried a petition for better working conditions, personal freedom, and national legislature
* 1,000 killed and provoked strikes across Russia and it provoked strikes across Russia and Nicolas promised them freedom

Why was Russia unprepared for WW1? What problems did Russia have during the war?

* weak generals
* Poorly equipped troops
* Many soldiers killed, weakness of craziest rules and military leadership

What were the causes and results of the March Revolution in 1917?

* women lead a strike
* Forced czar Nicolas ii to abdicate throne

What was the provisional govt? Why did lose support?

* Temporary government made decision to keep fighting war, conditions worsened in Russia
* Everyone in Russia was angry

What were the soviets?

Local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers

What were the causes and results of the November Revolution in 1917?

* Lenin and Bolsheviks saw opportunity to seize power
* Took over government officials and unarmed leaders of provisional
* Russian soviet socialist republic formed

What steps did Lenin and the Bolsheviks take after seizing power?

* all farmland distributed among peasants
* Signed truce with Germany to stop fighting on eastern front
* Granted workers control of factories

What were the causes and results of the civil war in Russia from 1918 to 1920?

* Brest-livosk singed Russians upset with bolsheviks
* Million of Russians died
* US sent aid to White army
* Red army wins government is restructured

Why did Lenin launch the new Economic policy (NEP) in 1921? What did it do?

* Revive economy after civil war
* Peasants could sell surplus Crops instead of turning them to govt.
* private ownership and encouraged foreign investment

What political reforms did Lenin make as ruler of Russia?

* organized Russia into several self-governing republics under central government
* USSR
* New name for Bolsheviks to Communist Party
* Moscow new capital