Anatomy & Physiology

parts of the sternum

1. manubrium

2. the body

3. the xiphiod process

patella

kneecap

anterior of the knee joint

ankle

connects the tibia and fibula to the foot

acromion process

part of the scapula——highest part of the shoulder

joints

when bones connect to one another

2 types of joints

ball and socket: can rotating and move backwards, forwards, and sideways (hip joint)

hinge: only bending and straightening movements (fingers)

cardiac muscle

type of involuntary muscle

only found in the heart

has its own blood supply through the coronary artery system

automacity

the hearts ability to conduct electrical impulses on its own

(heartbeats)

respiratory system

aka pulmonary system

O₂ is inhaled, CO₂ is exhaled

air flow

air flows through the oropharynx and nasopharynx—-both areas together are called the pharynx

from there, air flows towards the lungs to the epiglottis (leaf shaped structure)

trachea

“windpipe” connecting the pharynx to the lungs

larnyx

contains vocal cords

cricoid cartilage

ring shaped structure forming the lower part of the larynx

bronchi

two large sets of branches that come off of the trachea and enter the lungs

alveoli

the ends of the bronchioles

diaphragm

divides the chest and abdominal cavaties

controlled by the phrenic nerve

inhalation 

intercostal (ribs) and diaphragm contract, expanding the lungs, allowing air to enter

exhalation 

intercostal (ribs) and diaphragm relax, decreases room in the lungs, forcing air out 

ventilation

moving CO₂ and O₂ between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood

buffer system

a system that resists change in pH

cardiovascular system

consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

blood flows from the body to the body

valve

between each atrium, prevents blood from being forced back up to the atrium when the ventricle contracts

cardiac conduction system

system of special muscle tissue which conducts electrical impulses to stimulate the heart to beat

aorta

largest artery in the body

artery blood flow

from large vessels like the aorta to smaller branches, smaller branch is an arteriole, and finally to capillaries 

vien

blood vessels returning blood to the heart

pulmonary vien

carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to leftatrium

blood composition 

plasma: fluid portion of the blood, highest in composition

white blood cells: help fight infection

red blood cells: carries O₂ to towards cells and CO₂ away

platetes: membrane enclosed fragments of specialized cells

pulse 

formed when the left ventricle contracts, sending a pressure wave of blood though the arteries

peripheral pulses

can be felt at the peripheral points of the body

radial, branchial, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial

central pulses

can be felt at the central part of the body

carotid and femoral

blood pressure

pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels

perfusion 

the body’s supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cell of the body with the removal of waste products 

hypoperfusion

aka shock

the body’s inability to circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen

lymphatic system

organs, tissues, and vessels that help maintain the body’s fluid balance

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves governing movement, sensation, and though 

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary movements

stomach

sac between eosophagus and small intestine

where digestion begins 

small intestine 

receives food from the stomach and breaks it down 

large intestine

removes water from waste products

filters out poop

liver and gallbladder

liver produces bile, gallbladder stores it

spleen

filters and reserves blood

appendix 

function is not well understood 

skin

makes most of the integumentary systems

3 layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer

endocrine system

produces hormones to regulate body

functions

(includes insulin and epinephrine)

renal system 

aka urinary system, helps body regulate fluid levels, filter chemicals, and adjust pH level by using the kidneys

bladder is the reservior for urine

ureters

connects kidneys and bladder

uretha

connects the penis/vagina to bladder for excretion of urine

testes

male organs of reproduction, used for the production of sperm

3 main fucntions of the musculoskeletal system

gives the body shape, protects vital organs, provides for body movement

ventilation

movement of gases to and from alveoli

respiration

exchange of gases between cells and bloodstream

systolic reading

upper number, arterial pressure when left ventricle contracts

diastolic reading

lower number, pressure when left ventricle refills