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parts of the sternum
manubrium
the body
the xiphiod process
patella
kneecap
anterior of the knee joint
ankle
connects the tibia and fibula to the foot
acromion process
part of the scapula——highest part of the shoulder
joints
when bones connect to one another
2 types of joints
ball and socket: can rotating and move backwards, forwards, and sideways (hip joint)
hinge: only bending and straightening movements (fingers)
cardiac muscle
type of involuntary muscle
only found in the heart
has its own blood supply through the coronary artery system
automacity
the hearts ability to conduct electrical impulses on its own
(heartbeats)
respiratory system
aka pulmonary system
O2 is inhaled, CO2 is exhaled
air flow
air flows through the oropharynx and nasopharynx—-both areas together are called the pharynx
from there, air flows towards the lungs to the epiglottis (leaf shaped structure)
trachea
“windpipe” connecting the pharynx to the lungs
larnyx
contains vocal cords
cricoid cartilage
ring shaped structure forming the lower part of the larynx
bronchi
two large sets of branches that come off of the trachea and enter the lungs
alveoli
the ends of the bronchioles
diaphragm
divides the chest and abdominal cavaties
controlled by the phrenic nerve
inhalation
intercostal (ribs) and diaphragm contract, expanding the lungs, allowing air to enter
exhalation
intercostal (ribs) and diaphragm relax, decreases room in the lungs, forcing air out
ventilation
moving CO2 and O2 between inhaled air and the pulmonary circulation of blood
buffer system
a system that resists change in pH
cardiovascular system
consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
blood flows from the body to the body
valve
between each atrium, prevents blood from being forced back up to the atrium when the ventricle contracts
cardiac conduction system
system of special muscle tissue which conducts electrical impulses to stimulate the heart to beat
aorta
largest artery in the body
artery blood flow
from large vessels like the aorta to smaller branches, smaller branch is an arteriole, and finally to capillaries
vien
blood vessels returning blood to the heart
pulmonary vien
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to leftatrium
blood composition
plasma: fluid portion of the blood, highest in composition
white blood cells: help fight infection
red blood cells: carries O2 to towards cells and CO2 away
platetes: membrane enclosed fragments of specialized cells
pulse
formed when the left ventricle contracts, sending a pressure wave of blood though the arteries
peripheral pulses
can be felt at the peripheral points of the body
radial, branchial, dorsalis pedis, and posterior tibial
central pulses
can be felt at the central part of the body
carotid and femoral
blood pressure
pressure caused by blood exerting force against the walls of blood vessels
diastolic blood pressure
when the left ventricle is relaxed and refilling
systolic blood pressure
when the left ventricle contracts and lets blood out
perfusion
the body’s supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cell of the body with the removal of waste products
hypoperfusion
aka shock
the body’s inability to circulate blood to the bodys cells to supply them with oxygen
lymphatic system
organs, tissues, and vessels that help maintain the body’s fluid balance
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, and nerves governing movement, sensation, and though
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary movements
stomach
sac between eosophagus and small intestine
where digestion begins
small intestine
receives food from the stomach and breaks it down
large intestine
removes water from waste products
filters out poop
liver and gallbladder
liver produces bile, gallbladder stores it
spleen
filters and reserves blood
appendix
function is not well understood
skin
makes most of the integumentary systems
3 layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer
endocrine system
produces hormones to regulate body
functions
(includes insulin and epinephrine)
renal system
aka urinary system, helps body regulate fluid levels, filter chemicals, and adjust pH level by using the kidneys
bladder is the reservior for urine
ureters
connects kidneys and bladder
uretha
connects the penis/vagina to bladder for excretion of urine
testes
male organs of reproduction, used for the production of sperm