Year 9 Sem 2 Exam Hass

History, Economics and business, Politics

What is 'Perspective' in a historical context?

Perspective relates to the position from which people see and understand events in the world. It can influence the interpretation of the past and the ways it is written or portrayed. Historians must try to understand the different values and beliefs that influenced the lives and portrayal of the past.

Explain 'Continuity and change'.

Over time, some things change and some stay the same. This can be seen in any civilisation at any time period.

How do historians use 'Cause and Effect'?

Historians use 'Cause and Effect' to identify chains of events and developments, understanding what has happened based on what caused it to happen.

What is 'Evidence' in historical inquiry?

Evidence is information from historical sources, which is a part of historical inquiry.

Examples include:

• Interviews

• Accounts from people who lived at the time

• Letters, diaries, films, maps, newspapers

• Buildings, paintings, photos, song lyrics, clothing, cartoons

What is 'Empathy' in history?

Empathy helps us to understand the impact of past events on groups and individuals. It includes appreciation of circumstances faced, motivations, values, and attitudes behind their actions. It is the ability to 'walk in someone else's shoes' and brings history to life.

What is 'Significance' in historical study?

Significance relates to the importance assigned to aspects of the past, including people, events, developments, discoveries, movements, and historical sites. We can make a judgement about what we study based on these questions:

• How important was it to people who lived at that time?

• How many people were affected by it?

• To what degree were people's lives affected by it?

• How widespread and long lasting were its effects?

• Can its effects still be felt today?

What does 'Contestability' mean regarding historical explanations?

Contestability arises because explanations and interpretations of past events may differ due to sources being damaged, incomplete, or written records being changed or incorrect. This leads historians to draw different conclusions.

When analyzing a source, what should you consider regarding its 'Origin and Message'?

When analyzing a source's 'Origin and Message', you should:

• Determine when it was created and by whom.
• Identify the main idea or takeaway of the source.
• Give examples from the source to support your understanding.

When analyzing a source, what does its 'Purpose' refer to?

The 'Purpose' of a source explains why it was created for its audience. It should be linked to a directional verb (e.g., to persuade, to inform) and supported by evidence from the source.

When analyzing a source, what is 'Historical Context'?

When analyzing a source, 'Historical Context' involves understanding:

• The focus of the source (key issue/event).
• The broader context of what is being depicted.
• Key people, ideas, and events relevant to the time period.

NOTE: Do not reference the source itself when describing its historical context.

When analyzing a source, how is its 'Usefulness' determined?

A source's 'Usefulness' is determined by:

• How much it reveals about a specific idea or theme.
• Its degree of usefulness to historians (e.g., limited, moderate, significantly).
• Explaining why it is useful, detailing both its strengths and limitations (ideally in a single paragraph), supported by evidence.

Define 'Militarism'.

Militarism is the belief that a nation should have a strong military which is prominent in the nation's affairs, and the overall belief that war was good for nations.

Define 'Alliances'.

Alliances are agreements between countries to support each other, often militarily, in times of war or conflict. (Note: Specific definition was not provided in the original text, this is a general historical definition consistent with the context.)

Define 'Imperialism'.

Imperialism is the expansion of the influence of one country over others; the process of acquiring and maintaining colonies, also known as empire building.

Define 'Nationalism'.

Nationalism is pride in and love of one's nation, usually based on shared ethnicity, language, culture, and history; or the desire to form a nation, based on these factors.

It can be expressed as:

• Nation-forming and alliances with like people (e.g., unification of Germany, alliance with Austria-Hungary; pan-Slavism).
• The desire to conquer other nations.
• Extreme nationalism: Belief in the superiority of one's nation, which fuelled imperialism.
• Wanting to form nations separate from empires (e.g., Bosnia and Austria-Hungary).

Outline key details in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand served as the 'spark' for WWI:

• In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, a Slavic state.
• Serbian nationalists, supported by Russia, wanted to incorporate Bosnia into a pan-Slavic state.
• On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir of Austria-Hungary) visited Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia, with his wife Sophie.
• They were shot and killed by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Bosnian Serb member of the Young Bosnia group, armed and assisted by Danilo Ilić of the Black Hand.
• Unbeknownst to the assassins, Ferdinand was opposed to war against Serbia and desired political reform in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• This act catalyzed a chain of events: Germany guaranteed military support to Austria, leading to Austria's ultimatum to Serbia on July 23, which Serbia could not fully accept, escalating tensions.

How did M.A.N.I.A. factors contribute to the commencement of WWI?

Imperialism and nationalism caused international tensions and conflicts long before 1914. Fear and suspicion of their rivals drove nations to seek security through alliances with others. Leaders came to believe that their countries would be safer if they could rely on others to come to their aid when threatened. However, such alliances could also drag countries into conflicts.

How did Australia's relationship with Britain lead to its involvement in WWI?

Australia's involvement in WWI was influenced by:

• Federation: Australia had only been a federated country for 13 years by 1914.
• British Dominion: As a dominion of the British Empire, Australia was obliged to follow Britain into war.
• Loyalty to Britain: Loyalty to 'the mother country' and support for Britain was a significant reason for enlistment.
• British population: Many early volunteers were former British soldiers or British citizens living in Australia, with some wanting to show support for Britain in case Australia needed British help in the future.

Construct a timeline of key events leading up to the start of WWI.

Key events leading to WWI:

• 1908: Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina, angering Serbia.
• June 28, 1914: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip.
• July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
• July 30, 1914: Russia sent troops to support Serbia.
• August 1, 1914: Germany declared war on Russia.
• August 3, 1914: Germany declared war on France (as France supported Russia).
• August 4, 1914: Germany occupied Belgium to advance into France; Great Britain declared war on Germany to support France.

Context:

• Early 1914: Most people did not fully understand the destructive nature of war.
• Media: Portrayed war as a heroic, short, exciting, noble, and glorious adventure.
• Late 19th C. to early 20th C.: An arms race in Europe led to a 300% increase in military spending by great powers (1870-1914), and continental European powers adopted conscription.

Explain the varied reasons Australians enlisted to fight in WWI.

Australians enlisted for WWI due to:

• National pride: A desire to show what the new nation could contribute.
• Loyalty to Britain: Support for 'the mother country'.
• Adventure: An opportunity to see the world and experience life beyond Australia.
• Economic incentives: Regular pay of 6 shillings per day, matching the average wage.
• Hatred of the enemy: Propagandist stories of German atrocities fuelled enlistment.

Outline the new technologies used during WWI.

Many new technologies were introduced or improved during WWI, extending the war due to evenly matched technology and tactics:

• Machine Guns: Improved from the American Civil War, firing up to 600 rounds/minute, but prone to overheating and difficult to move.
• Heavy Artillery: Large shells fired over long distances, often bogged down in mud or bomb craters.
• Poison Gas: Introduced by Germany in April 1915 (e.g., chlorine, mustard gas), causing severe respiratory damage and death. Banned under the Geneva Protocol in 1925.
• Tanks: First used by the British in September 1916 at the Battle of the Somme. Initially unreliable and difficult for crews, they became more effective by late 1917 with better design and tactics.

Describe developments in trench warfare in WWI.

Trench warfare on the Western Front involved:

• System Length: Approx. 700 km long, running from Belgium to Switzerland.
• Dimensions: Average 2m deep, 2m wide.
• Trench Lines: Standard three-line system:
  • Front-line: ~1 km from Germans; main fighting.
  • Support: Behind front line; men and supplies.
  • Reserve: Further back; reinforcements and emergency stores.
  • Communication trenches: Linked all trenches; moved men, messages, supplies.
• Soldier Rotation: Soldiers rotated through trench lines, typically 8 days front line $\rightarrow$ 4 days support (longer during major battles).
• Conditions: Constant artillery, sudden death, injuries, bodies, and destruction were common. The Western Front's trench system (500+ km by 1915) led to stalemate and massive casualties.
• Design: Zigzag layout to limit blast damage.
• Latrines: 1.5m deep pits, maintained by two men (often punishment duty).
• Supplies: 300,000 British workers supplied food; rations were poor (bully beef, bread, biscuits).
• Fortifications: Sandbags strengthened trench walls, absorbing bullets/shells; soldiers moved up to 60 bags/hr.
• Fire Steps & Ladders: Used to climb out and go 'over the top' into no man's land.
• Soldier's Kit: Approx. 30 kg gear (rifle, ammo, grenades, helmet, wire cutters, coat, entrenching tool, water bottle, rations, etc.), leading to slow movement and shared equipment.
• Barbed Wire: Used everywhere; protected trenches but trapped attackers. Cuts often became infected.
• No Man's Land: The gap between trenches (50m-1 km wide), filled with wire.
• Duckboards: Wooden planks to prevent trench foot and sinking in mud.
• Gas Protection: Mustard gas and others required gas masks; before masks, soldiers used urine-soaked cloths. Mustard gas had almost no smell, delayed effects (12 hrs), and lingered in soil.

Identify the role of Australian soldiers and nurses on the Western Front.

Australian Nurses on the Western Front:

• Role: Only women allowed to enlist and serve overseas.
• Conditions: Appalling, often in makeshift field hospitals in trenches.
• Numbers: 2,562 joined AIF, 2,139 served overseas.
• Casualties/Honours: 25 lost their lives, 388 received military honours.

Australian Engagements:

• Battles (1916-1918): Earned over 50 Victoria Crosses in notable battles like Somme, Passchendaele, Villers-Bretonneux, Ypres, and Amiens.
• Destructive Battles: Fromelles (1916) and Bullecourt (1917) were particularly costly.
• Fromelles: 1,917 Australians killed, over 3,600 injured in one day.
• Mass Graves: Discovered in 2007 at Fromelles, containing up to 400 Australian soldiers.

What was the main reason for the Gallipoli campaign?

The main reason for the Gallipoli campaign was Britain and France's strategic need to move troops, equipment, and weapons to Allied troops in Russia. This required securing passage through the Mediterranean Sea, Turkish waters (the Dardanelles), and the Black Sea.

• Naval Attack (March 1915): The first attempt was a naval attack through the heavily mined Dardanelles, resulting in the destruction of three Allied battleships and severe damage to three others.
• Land Attack Plan: Following naval failure, a plan was developed for a land attack on the Gallipoli Peninsula from the Aegean Sea coast to surprise and quickly defeat the Turks, then march on Constantinople (Istanbul) to open supply lines to Russia.

Describe the hardships faced by the ANZACs in Gallipoli.

The ANZACs faced severe hardships in Gallipoli:

• Landing (April 25, 1915): Landing at Anzac Cove, they encountered steep cliffs (up to 100 meters high) and heavy gunfire from Turkish fortifications. Troops on the beach were unprotected.
• First Day Casualties: Over 600 Australians were killed on the first day, gaining barely a kilometre of territory, far short of the 7 km planned.
• Submarine AE2: Australian submarine AE2 penetrated the Dardanelles, attacking a Turkish gunboat before being destroyed on April 30.
• Turkish Counter-Offensive (May 1915): A major Turkish counter-offensive was repelled by the Allies.
• Diversionary Attacks (August 1915): Costly attacks like the Battle of Lone Pine (Australians captured, 7 VCs earned) and the Battle of the Nek (234 Australians killed in a small area).
• Exposure to Fire: Constant enemy fire from snipers and artillery due to Turks holding high ground.
• Weather Extremes: Sweltering summers and bitterly cold winters with icy north winds and snowfalls, harsh for men unaccustomed to such conditions.
• Supply Shortages: Scarce drinking water, often rationed, and monotonous food (canned/corned beef, hard biscuits).
• Health Issues: Poor sanitation and food hygiene led to widespread trench foot, dysentery, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. Pests (rats, lice, flies, mosquitoes) further spread illness.

Outline how the Gallipoli campaign ended.

The Gallipoli campaign ended with the evacuation of Allied troops:

• Evacuation (December 1915): ANZACs were ordered to withdraw. To disguise their departure, they rigged rifles to fire randomly with water-filled tins and muffled horses' hooves. The last Australian soldiers were evacuated overnight on December 19-20.
• Casualties: The campaign resulted in 8,709 Australian deaths and 19,000 wounded. The Turks suffered over 80,000 deaths.

Describe how the role of women changed throughout WWI.

Throughout WWI, the role of women significantly changed:

• Increased Expectations: With men away at war, women were expected to take on duties previously held by men, including both voluntary and paid work.
• Voluntary Work: Women engaged extensively in fundraising, assisting with recruiting, and supporting other war-related activities.
• Workforce Participation: Women moved into traditionally male-dominated jobs, particularly in munitions factories, which were crucial for the war effort. In Britain, women could join armed forces for home defence.
• Support for War Effort: Approximately 500,000 young men were at war, leading women to fill roles to support the war effort at home.
• Resistance and Acceptance: While trade unions initially resisted hiring women in male jobs (fearing lower wages), women successfully took on roles like store clerks and bank tellers. Government-controlled war-related work, however, was less accessible to women.

Define 'conscription'.

Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of citizens to serve in the armed forces.

Discuss common arguments for conscription during WWI.

Arguments for conscription during WWI included:

• Maintaining Fighting Strength: Australia needed at least 7,500 new soldiers per month.
• Declining Enlistment: Voluntary enlistment dropped heavily after Gallipoli, indicating insufficient volunteers.
• Patriotic Duty: Supporters argued it was Australia's patriotic duty to aid the British Empire.
• Support for Soldiers: Claimed opponents were 'lazy' or unwilling to support soldiers already fighting.
• Shared Burden: Believed conscription would distribute the burden of war fairly, rather than relying solely on volunteers.
• Winning the War: Argued conscription was essential for victory and protecting Australia's future.
• Propaganda: Portrayed conscription as helping brave Australian soldiers and protecting families at home.

Discuss common arguments against conscription during WWI.

Arguments against conscription during WWI included:

• Sufficiency of Contribution: Many believed Australia had already given enough men and resources to a war that wasn't 'Australia's war.'
• Voluntarism: Claimed volunteers were sufficient, and no one should be forced to fight.
• Class Inequality: Feared it would disproportionately send working-class men to die while wealthier men remained safe.
• Capitalist War: Trade unions argued the war was for capitalist interests and should not be supported through conscription.
• Economic Impact: Concern that sending more men overseas would lead employers to bring in cheaper labour, lowering wages and conditions at home.
• Political/Religious Objections: Catholics and many Irish Australians opposed conscription due to tensions with Britain.
• Home Front Needs: Argued Australia needed men at home for industry, farms, and supporting the economy.
• Exaggerated Need: Believed the government exaggerated the need for more soldiers.
• Propaganda: Anti-conscription propaganda focused on family suffering, particularly mothers and wives losing sons/husbands, highlighting the unfairness of forcing more to fight after thousands had already died.

Identify the main events and reasons why WWI ended.

Main Events Leading to the End of WWI:

• Spring Offensive (1918): Germany's last major offensive on the Western Front, which ultimately failed due to strong Allied resistance.
• Hundred Days Offensive: A series of successful Allied attacks that pushed German forces back and led to the collapse of the German front lines.
• Armistice of Compiègne (November 11, 1918): The agreement that ended fighting on the Western Front, signed in a railway carriage in the Compiègne Forest.

Reasons Why WWI Ended:

• Military Failures: Germany's inability to sustain its offensives and the effective counterattacks by the Allies.
• Economic Hardship: The war caused severe economic strain on all involved nations, particularly Germany, leading to shortages and unrest.
• Political Changes: Internal unrest and revolutions in Germany and Austria-Hungary, including the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
• Allied Superiority: The entry of the United States into the war provided fresh troops and resources, tipping the balance in favour of the Allies.

List the requirements for Germany under the Treaty of Versailles.

Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany faced these requirements:

• Territorial Losses:
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France.
  • Loss of territories to Belgium, Denmark, and Poland.
  • All overseas colonies were forfeited.
• Military Restrictions:
  • The German army was limited to 100,000 troops.
  • No tanks, heavy artillery, or air force allowed.
  • The navy was restricted to a few ships, and submarines were banned.
• Economic Reparations:
  • Germany was required to pay significant reparations to the Allied countries.
  • Loss of industrial territories affected Germany's economy.
• War Guilt Clause:
  • Article 231 placed full responsibility for the war on Germany, leading to national humiliation and resentment.

Explain what 'economics' is.

Economics is a study that analyzes the decisions made by individuals, businesses, and governments about how limited resources are used to satisfy society's unlimited needs and wants.

Define 'Scarcity' in economics.

Scarcity means not having enough of something due to limited resources versus unlimited wants.

Explain 'Making choices' in economics.

Scarcity creates the need for choices. Since there are limited resources for consumers to satisfy all their needs and wants, people must make choices about what goods and services they spend their money on.

Define 'Specialisation' and 'Trade' in economics.

Specialisation: When workers, businesses, or nations focus on one task or on making one product, allowing them to use their resources more efficiently.

Trade: When countries buy and sell products from each other.

• Australia exports iron ore, coal, gold, natural gas, and wheat.
• Australia imports many products, such as processed fuels, cars, and electrical equipment.

What is 'Interdependence' in an economy?

Interdependence describes when all parts of an economy affect and rely on each other.

What is the 'Allocation of markets' in Australia's economic system?

The economic system used in Australia is called a market capitalist economy.

• The market decides what will be produced based on buyers' demand and what sellers are willing to supply.
• The price of goods and services is negotiated between the parties.

Explain 'Economic performance' and 'Living standards'.

Economic performance refers to how well an economy is performing, measured using indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the unemployment rate, and the inflation rate. This information influences government decisions to improve economic growth, create jobs and wealth, and enhance the overall standard of living.

Standard of living refers to the quality of life of a person, measured by the amount of money made by individuals or households.

Define the concept of 'competitive advantage'.

Competitive advantage is when a business can outperform similar businesses in a market. It means better satisfying consumer needs, leading to increased sales and profit.

Explain the importance of having a competitive advantage in both domestic and global markets.

Having a competitive advantage is crucial because:

• Domestic markets: It builds strong local brand presence and customer loyalty.
• Global markets: It enables expansion, access to new customers, and risk diversification.
  Overall, competitive advantage helps businesses stay resilient and profitable across different regions.

Identify and describe 'Product differentiation' as a competitive strategy.

Definition: Creating a product that is distinct from competitors through features, quality, branding, or customer service.

How it helps:

• Attracts customers by offering something unique.
• Builds brand loyalty.
• Reduces direct competition by targeting niche markets.

Example: Apple differentiates its products through sleek design, user-friendly interfaces, and a strong brand image.

Identify and describe 'Cost leadership' as a competitive strategy.

Definition: Becoming the lowest-cost producer in the industry while maintaining acceptable quality.

How it helps:

• Allows businesses to offer lower prices than competitors.
• Increases market share by appealing to price-sensitive customers.
• Improves profit margins if costs are kept low.

Example: Aldi uses cost leadership by streamlining operations and offering a limited product range to keep prices low.

Identify and describe 'Offshoring' as a competitive strategy.

Definition: Moving parts of business operations, like manufacturing or customer service, to another country to reduce costs.

How it helps:

• Reduces labour and production costs.
• Enables businesses to focus on core activities.
• Can improve efficiency and profitability.

Example: Many clothing brands offshore manufacturing to countries with lower labour costs (e.g., China).

Identify and describe 'Investing in technology' as a competitive strategy.

Definition: Using advanced tools, software, or machinery to improve business operations.

How it helps:

• Increases productivity and efficiency.
• Reduces long-term costs through automation.

Example: Woolworths uses self-checkout systems and data analytics to streamline operations and improve customer service.

Identify and describe 'Research and development (R&D)' as a competitive strategy.

Definition: Investing in innovation to develop new products or improve existing ones.

How it helps:

• Keeps the business ahead of trends and competitors.
• Opens new markets and opportunities.

Example: Pharmaceutical companies invest heavily in R&D to develop new medicines.

How do competitive strategies help businesses achieve a competitive advantage?

Competitive strategies help businesses achieve competitive advantage by allowing them to:

• Respond to changing consumer needs and market conditions.
• Drive innovation.
• Adapt to globalisation, including trade and supply chain dynamics.

Define the concept of 'innovation'.

Innovation refers to the creation of new ideas, methods, products, or processes, or significant improvements to existing ones, leading to efficiency or enhanced value.

Why does innovation improve productivity?

Innovation improves productivity by introducing more efficient methods, technologies, or products that allow for greater output with the same or fewer inputs, streamlining processes, reducing waste, and enhancing overall performance. (Note: The original text provided context for strategies but not a direct explanation for innovation's link to productivity; this is a general economic explanation.)

How does McDonald's maintain its competitive advantage?

McDonald's maintains its competitive advantage through:

• Cost leadership: Super efficient operations, low overhead, strong supply chain.
• Differentiation: Localised menus, seasonal items, unique products.
• Focus strategy: Adapting menus for specific regions (e.g., vegetarian options in India, halal in the Middle East).

Key competitive advantages include:

• Strong supplier relationships and vertical integration.
• Standardised menu and processes for speed and consistency.
• Tight control on labour and operating costs.
• Big partnerships (delivery platforms, collaborations).
• Consistent global experience (same taste).
• Low prices and high-volume model.
• Massive global scale (tens of thousands of stores across 100+ countries).
• Broad menu variety (drive-thru, kiosks, local specials, plant-based options).
• Innovation/Technology: Uses AI and digital technology for faster ordering, smart menus, kiosks, and better customer flow.

What is an 'investment'?

Investing is the process of putting money into a business or commercial venture (such as property or shares) with the expectation of making a profit. Simply put, investing is a way of making your money work for you, helping to increase personal financial rewards.

Why do people invest?

People invest to increase their personal financial rewards and to achieve personal financial goals, such as buying a car or house, or saving for retirement.

Describe 'Shares' as a type of investment.

Shares, sometimes called stocks or equities, represent a unit of ownership in a company. Share investors become part-owners and hope the value of their shares will rise. If the company makes a profit, it may also make a payment, called a dividend, to the shareholders. BHP Billiton is an example of a company that the general public can buy shares in.

Describe 'Real estate' as a type of investment.

Real estate is an investment where a house, unit, factory, building, or land is purchased with the aim of that property increasing in value. The property may also be rented out, generating additional income.

Describe 'Superannuation' as a type of investment.

Superannuation is a method of saving for retirement. Employers contribute to their employees' super funds, and personal contributions can also be made to a super fund.

How do people manage investment risks?

People manage investment risks by:

• Setting investment goals: Thinking ahead about future purchases (e.g., car, house, retirement) and when they want to make them. This helps in deciding the level of financial risk they are willing to accept.
• Understanding investment debt vs consumer debt: Recognizing the difference between money borrowed for assets that can grow in value (investment debt) and money borrowed for consumption that doesn't bring financial returns (consumer debt).

Explain the importance of setting investment goals and how they align with personal financial plans.

Setting investment goals (short-term, medium-term, long-term) is important because it helps people choose the right investments and determine appropriate risk levels. Goals like buying a house, going on holiday, or saving for retirement guide how long one can invest and how much risk one can afford to take, aligning investments with overall personal financial plans.

Distinguish between 'investment debt' and 'consumer debt'.

Investment debt is money borrowed to buy something that can grow in value or make money, such as shares or property. Even though these have higher risk, over a more substantial timeframe, the investment is expected to grow.

Consumer debt is money borrowed for things that don't increase in value and don't bring financial returns, like everyday spending. This type of debt doesn't help achieve long-term financial goals.

Define 'Debt' as a financial risk and its impact on consumers.

Definition: Debt is money owed to another party, typically a lender, which must be repaid with interest.

Types of Debt:

• Investment debt: Used to invest in assets (e.g., student loans, home loans).
• Consumer debt: Used for consumption without long-term value (e.g., credit card debt for luxury items).

Impact of Debt:

• Financial stress: Difficulty meeting repayments.
• Reduced credit score: Limits future borrowing.
• Emotional impact: Anxiety and relationship strain.

Case Study: 'Buy Now, Pay Later (BNPL) Trap'
A 17-year-old student used BNPL services like AfterPay for clothes and gadgets. Without stable income, she missed payments, incurred late fees, and affected her credit score, making future borrowing harder.

Define 'Scams' as a financial risk and their impact on consumers.

Definition: Scams are deceptive schemes designed to trick people into giving away money or personal information.

Common Types:

• Phishing scams: Fake emails or texts pretending to be from banks or the government.
• Online account scams: Phone calls from scammers asking for account details or passwords due to a 'problem'.
• Investment scams: Promises of high returns with little risk.
• Romance scams: Emotional manipulation to extract money.

Impact of Scams:

• Loss of money: Often unrecoverable.
• Loss of trust: In institutions and online platforms.
• Vulnerability: Feelings of helplessness and insecurity.

Define 'Identity theft' as a financial risk and its impact on consumers.

Definition: Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's personal information (e.g., name, address, bank details) without permission to commit fraud.

How It Happens:

• Stolen mail
• Fake websites
• Data breaches
• Social media oversharing

Impact of Identity Theft:

• Financial loss: Unauthorized transactions.
• Legal issues: Victims may need to prove their innocence.
• Emotional distress: Fear, anxiety, and loss of control.

Case Study: 'Data Breach Victim'
A 16-year-old's school email was hacked, and personal details were used to open a fake bank account. The victim faced emotional stress and had to work with banks and police to resolve the issue.

Identify and describe ways consumers can protect themselves from financial risks related to 'Debt options'.

Consumers can protect themselves by choosing debt options wisely:

• Credit cards: Only use when able to repay the amount owing, as high interest rates can lead to long-term debt.
• Buy-now-pay-later (BNPL) services: Manage carefully, as missing repayments can lead to extra fees.

Understanding the conditions of these debt options helps consumers avoid unnecessary financial stress.

Identify and describe ways consumers can protect themselves from financial risks by 'Verifying authenticity of financial institutions & payment platforms'.

Consumers can protect themselves by verifying authenticity:

• Use websites that start with https:// and have a closed padlock symbol to ensure private information is secure.
• Pay for goods using safe methods such as PayPal, BPAY, or credit cards.
• Check for contact details and a returns policy before buying online.

Identify and describe ways consumers can protect themselves from financial risks using 'Digital security multifactor authentication'.

Consumers can protect themselves through digital security:

• Avoid 'skimming' by covering PIN entry and using safe ATMs.
• Always log out of online banking to prevent unauthorized account access.
• (Implicit: Use multifactor authentication when available for an extra layer of security.)

Identify and describe ways consumers can protect themselves from financial risks by 'Securing private banking details'.

Consumers can protect themselves by securing private banking details:

• Don't tell anyone your PIN.
• Don't write your PIN on your card.
• Don't keep your recorded PIN with your card.
• Cover your hand over the keyboard when entering your PIN.
• Check bank statements regularly for unauthorized transactions.
• When using internet banking, always remember to log out.

Identify and describe ways consumers can protect themselves from financial risks by 'Knowing consumer rights'.

Consumers can protect themselves by knowing their rights:

• The consumer is treated honestly and fairly.
• False, misleading, or deceptive claims cannot be made about a product or service.
• Products advertised must be supplied.
• The consumer must not be harassed or coerced.
• The product is safe to use, durable, free from defects, acceptable in appearance and finish, and matches the description.
• Guarantees made must be honored.
• The consumer is entitled to a receipt upon request.
• If more than one price is displayed, the consumer is entitled to the lowest priced item.
• The consumer is entitled to see the total price of the item.

Assess the importance of consumer protection strategies against financial risks.

These strategies are important because they:

• Prevent unauthorized access to bank accounts by securing PINs and logging out.
• Reduce financial loss by checking fees and avoiding hidden charges.
• Protect consumers from unsafe, faulty, or misrepresented products through consumer rights.
• Reduce the risk of being targeted by scams, including charity scams, psychic scams, romance scams, investment scams, and phishing attempts.
• Help consumers avoid identity theft, cloned cards, and unauthorized transactions.
• Ensure consumers deal only with reliable websites and sellers.
• Encourage cautious behavior such as being suspicious, patient, alert, and wise.

These strategies work together to protect consumers from scams, overcharging, online risks, misleading conduct, and financial loss.

Define 'Democracy' and provide an example.

Democracy is a political system where governing power rests with the people, who regularly elect leaders and influence laws.

Example: Australia holds federal elections every three years; all citizens 18+ must vote under a transparent system supporting democratic participation.

Define 'Democratic values' and give examples.

Democratic values are the fundamental beliefs and ideals that underpin a democratic society. They guide the behavior of governments and citizens to ensure fairness, freedom, and respect for all.

Examples:

• Freedom of speech: The right to express ideas freely, promoting open dialogue.
• Free press: Independent journalism that informs and holds power accountable.
• Equality: Equal rights and opportunities for all, ensuring justice.
• Justice: Fair laws and institutions protecting everyone's rights equally.
• Respect: Valuing diversity to foster harmony and understanding.

Explain the 'Westminster System'.

The Westminster System is a democratic parliamentary government from the UK, featuring a constitutional monarchy, a sovereign parliament, and an executive led by the Prime Minister and Cabinet.

• Monarch/Governor-General: Constitutional head of state representing the Monarch, performing ceremonial duties, granting royal assent, and ensuring constitutional governance.
• Prime Minister & Cabinet: Executive branch leading government operations, making policy decisions, and managing departments.
• Parliament: Legislative branch with the House and Senate, responsible for making laws, overseeing government, and representing Australians.

Define 'Justice' in a democratic context, including its key components.

Justice is the principle of moral rightness and fairness, ensuring that all individuals are treated equally and fairly under the law, with access to protection and due process.

Key Components:

• Rule of Law: Laws apply equally to everyone, ensuring that no individual is above the law and that governance is based on clear, established legal principles.
• Fair Courts: An independent judiciary system that guarantees impartial hearings and decisions, free from political influence or bias.
• Legal Rights: Protection from arbitrary treatment through established rights and procedures, ensuring every person receives fair treatment under the law.

What does 'Participation' mean in civic life, and how can citizens participate?

Participation means actively engaging in civic and community life to influence decisions and strengthen democracy.

Ways citizens can participate:

• Voting in Elections: Vote to shape laws and government policies.
• Community Engagement: Volunteer and join groups to support your community.
• Public Debate: Discuss issues to encourage accountability and critical thinking.
• Student Voice: Student Councils empower leadership and improve school life.

Define 'Rights' and provide examples for Australian citizens.

Rights are freedoms and protections granted to citizens.

Examples for Australian citizens:

• Free education (quality public schooling at no cost).
• Healthcare access (right to medical care).
• Fair treatment (equal protection under law).
• Freedom of belief (practice personal beliefs).
• Freedom of speech (express opinions publicly).
• Right to vote (participate in elections).
• Privacy rights (protect personal information).

Define 'Responsibilities' and provide examples for Australian citizens.

Responsibilities are duties citizens are expected to uphold.

Examples for Australian citizens:

• Obey laws (ensure order and safety).
• Vote in elections (influence government).
• Serve on juries (support the justice system).
• Respect others (value diversity and dignity).
• Stay informed (follow current events).
• Pay taxes (fund community services).
• Protect environment (preserve resources).

Outline the function of political parties in Australia.

The main function of political parties in Australia is to represent the viewpoints of different demographics of society. They are groups of people who share common beliefs about how a country should be run.

By developing policies reflective of their beliefs and contesting elections, they aim to form a government. They give voters choices, represent diverse interests, and help organize government operations. Major parties often produce the prime minister or key ministers, while minor parties and independents influence decision-making and represent local or specific issues.

List some different political parties and independents in Australia.

Some different political parties and independents in Australia include:

• Labor Party
• Liberal Party
• Greens
• National Party
• Australian Democrats
• Independents

Identify the leaders of some major Australian political parties.

Leaders of some major Australian political parties include:

• Anthony Albanese: Leader of the Labor Party
• Susan Ley: Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party (leader depends on current context, e.g., Peter Dutton for the Liberal Party Leader)
• Larissa Waters: Co-leader of the Australian Greens
• David Littleproud: Leader of the National Party

(Note: Susan Ley is the deputy leader. The current leader of the Liberal party is Peter Dutton.)

List the main beliefs and aims of Australia's four largest political parties.

Labor Party:

• Beliefs/Aims: Workers' rights, social equality, universal healthcare.
• Current Focus: Strengthening Medicare, cutting HECS debt, lowering taxes, energy relief, supporting home building.

Liberal Party:

• Beliefs/Aims: Individual freedom, supporting businesses.
• Current Focus: Boosting Medicare, affordable housing and energy, lowering inflation and petrol prices, stronger defence and border security.

Greens:

• Beliefs/Aims: Environmental protection, climate action, social justice, human rights.
• Current Focus: Climate policies, protecting natural resources, social equity.

National Party:

• Beliefs/Aims: Supporting regional and rural communities.
• Current Focus: Partnering with Liberals in The Coalition to influence government, advocating for regional development and services.

Outline the principles of Australia's electoral system in a democratic society.

Australia's electoral system is based on these principles:

• Universal suffrage and secret ballot.
• Compulsory voting.
• Fixed or maximum terms for parliament.
• One vote, one value.
• Combinations of single-member and multi-member electorates.
• Preferential voting and proportional representation.

Define 'Preferential voting'.

Preferential voting is the system used to determine who will win a seat in the House of Representatives. To win, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes (half of the votes plus one).

If a candidate receives the majority of first preferences, they are elected straight away. If not, the candidate with the fewest first preferences is eliminated, and the second preferences on their ballot papers are distributed to the other candidates. This elimination and redistribution continue until a clear winner with a majority is found. Members of the House of Representatives are elected for a term of three years.

Define 'Proportional representation'.

Proportional representation is the voting system used in the Senate. In Senate elections, voters are voting to fill more than one vacancy. To win a place in the Senate, a candidate must reach a quota, calculated as: ( \text{No. Formal votes} / (\text{positions} + 1) ) + 1

Compare 'Preferential voting' and 'Proportional representation' in Australia's electoral system.

Here's a comparison of preferential voting and proportional representation:

• Number of winners: Preferential voting elects one candidate per seat (House of Representatives), whereas proportional representation elects multiple candidates per state/territory (Senate).
• How votes are counted: In preferential voting, voters rank candidates, and the lowest-ranked candidates are eliminated with their votes redistributed until someone gets a majority. In proportional representation, candidates reach a quota based on total votes, and seats are allocated proportionally.
• Majority vs quota: Preferential voting requires a majority (more than 50% +1) to win; proportional representation requires candidates to meet the calculated quota.
• Focus: Preferential voting ensures the most preferred candidate wins a single seat; proportional representation ensures parties gain seats roughly in line with the percentage of votes they receive.
• Term length: Members elected via preferential voting serve 3-year terms; Senate members elected via proportional representation serve 6-year terms (with half elected every 3 years).

Outline the process of determining an election result for the House of Representatives and the Senate in Australia.

House of Representatives (Preferential Voting):

• All voters must be 18+ and voting is compulsory.
• Voters rank candidates in order of preference (1 for first, 2 for second, etc.).
• To win, a candidate must get a majority of votes (more than 50% +1).
• If no one has a majority of first-preference votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed based on the next preferences.
• This elimination and redistribution continues until a candidate reaches a majority.
• Members serve a 3-year term.

Senate (Proportional Representation):

• Senators serve 6-year terms, with half the seats up for election each time to allow rotation.
• Voters can vote above the line for parties/groups (numbering at least 1-6) or below the line for individual candidates (numbering at least 1-12).
• To win a seat, a candidate must reach a quota.
• The quota is calculated as: ( \text{No. Formal votes} / (\text{positions} + 1) ) + 1
• Candidates who reach the quota are elected. Remaining seats are filled by distributing leftover votes proportionally.

Key Points: Voting is secret and compulsory. The House uses preferential voting to select one winner per seat. The Senate uses proportional representation to reflect voter support across multiple seats. Votes are carefully counted, redistributed if needed, and candidates are elected once a majority (House) or quota (Senate) is achieved.

Describe how government is formed following an election in Australia.

Following a federal election in Australia:

• The Governor-General appoints the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that has won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives as Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister then forms a Cabinet from members of their party or coalition to run the government departments.
• If no single party or coalition wins a clear majority (a hung parliament), the parties engage in negotiations with independents or minor parties to form a government, usually by securing support to pass legislation and survive confidence motions. (Note: The original text did not explicitly state this, so this is a general explanation of government formation.)

Discuss 'Public debate' as a form of information presented prior to elections.

Public debate: Politicians and parties take part in formal debates that are televised for everyone to see.

Example: During federal elections, leaders of major parties like Labor and Liberal often debate on national TV to argue why their policies are best. These debates let voters compare candidates directly and decide who seems most capable.

Discuss 'Opinion polls' as a form of information presented prior to elections.

Opinion polls: Experts measure public opinion on parties and candidates to see who is popular or unpopular.

Example: Polls showing a majority supporting Labor's healthcare policies might influence undecided voters to consider them, while highlighting poor performance can sway voters against a party.

Discuss 'Advertising' (radio, TV, print) as a form of information presented prior to elections.

Advertising (radio, TV, print): Parties pay for ads on multiple platforms to reach voters and persuade them to vote for them.

Example: A TV commercial showing a Liberal candidate speaking about job creation, or a radio ad criticising a Labor policy, can influence public perception. Print ads in newspapers or billboards may also highlight party achievements or attack opponents' weaknesses.

These forms of information aim to inform, persuade, or sometimes sway voters before they cast their vote, combining to create a full picture of the election for the public.

How can social media and AI be used to influence political issues?

Social media and AI can influence political issues by being used to:

• Share messages, opinions, images, and videos.
• Create and share misinformation and disinformation.
• Influence public opinion.
• Promote or attack political leaders or policies.
• Create videos and messages based on data and prompts.

How they influence political understanding:

• Shaping What People See and Believe: AI algorithms decide what content appears in feeds. Liking certain posts leads to seeing more of it, creating 'echo chambers' where people only see views that match their own, making it harder to understand other perspectives.
• Spreading False Information: Social media allows misinformation and disinformation to spread quickly, especially if emotional. AI can create deepfakes (fake videos/audio) that mislead voters about politicians' actions or words.
• Direct Connection: Politicians and parties use platforms like Instagram, TikTok, and X to share updates, behind-the-scenes content, and personal stories, making them appear more relatable and approachable. This can make voters feel they understand politicians' values and personality better.

Assess and give examples of how social media and AI are used to influence political issues regarding COVID.

Regarding COVID, social media and AI were used to influence political issues by:

• Spreading False Information: False claims about vaccines or lockdowns spread, with some groups encouraging people to ignore health advice. This contributed to distrust in government when conflicting messages appeared online, hindering public support for health measures.
• Government Use of AI: AI tools helped governments track virus hotspots and communicate health messages, but also raised concerns about privacy and surveillance (e.g., facial recognition apps for quarantine).

Assess and give examples of how social media and AI are used to influence political issues regarding the Ban on Gambling.

Regarding the ban on gambling, social media and AI influenced political issues as:

• Influencer Promotion: Influencers on social media promoted illegal online gambling, sometimes unknowingly, exposing young people to gambling content and increasing addiction risk.
• AI-Generated Content: AI-generated content and targeted ads made gambling seem fun and harmless. Some influencers were fined for promoting illegal gambling sites.
• Government Response: The government responded by warning influencers and considering stricter laws to protect young Australians from gambling harm.

Describe how people can participate in civic life as an Australian citizen and a global citizen.

As an Australian Citizen:

• Voting in elections.
• Signing petitions.
• Participating in public debates or protests.
• Volunteering in local communities.
• Joining community groups or political parties.
• Contacting elected representatives.

As a Global Citizen:

• A global citizen is someone who recognizes their connection to the wider world and engages with global issues, often taking on a sense of responsibility for the well-being of all people and the planet.
• Advocating for international human rights.
• Supporting global environmental initiatives.
• Engaging in fair trade practices.
• Participating in international aid or development programs.
• Raising awareness about global injustices (e.g., through social media, petitions related to international issues).