APUSH Period 4 (1607-1754) Key Concepts Flashcards

A comprehensive set of flashcards based on the key concepts from APUSH Period 4 (1607-1754), designed to aid students in reviewing and preparing for their exam.

What was Key Concept 4.1 about?

The development of a modern democracy and a new national culture in the U.S.

What did the expansion of suffrage during the early 1800s achieve?

It transitioned voting rights from property ownership to all adult white men.

What role did political parties play in the early 1800s?

They debated issues like tariffs, federal power, and relations with European powers.

How did Supreme Court decisions shape the federal government?

They established the primacy of the judiciary in interpreting the Constitution.

What new political parties emerged by the 1820s and 1830s?

The Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, led by Henry Clay.

What were some key issues debated by the new political parties?

The role of the federal government, the national bank, tariffs, and internal improvements.

What contributed to the emergence of a new national culture?

Democratic beliefs, individualism, the market revolution, and social reform movements.

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A religious revival that influenced moral reforms and inspired religious movements in America.

How did enslaved and free African Americans respond to their situations?

By creating communities, developing strategies for dignity, and participating in political efforts.

What did new voluntary organizations aim to achieve?

To change individual behaviors and improve society through reforms like temperance.

What was the goal of the abolitionist movement?

To achieve emancipation for enslaved individuals and promote African American rights.

What key economic developments occurred during Key Concept 4.2?

Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce accelerated the economy.

How did transportation systems impact production?

They expanded manufacturing and agricultural production significantly.

What innovations increased production efficiency?

Textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, and the telegraph.

What role did legislation play in economic development?

It supported the creation of infrastructure like roads, canals, and railroads.

How did southern cotton production affect the economy?

It promoted growth in Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries.

What was a consequence of the market revolution on workers?

Workers increasingly moved away from subsistence agriculture to producing goods for distant markets.

What significant changes did the market revolution lead to regarding family roles?

Changes in domestic ideals emphasizing the separation of public and private spheres.

What was the American System?

A plan to unify the U.S. economy that generated debate over its benefits for agriculture versus industry.

What foreign policy did the U.S. adopt during Key Concept 4.3?

An interest in expanding trade and territory throughout North America.

What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?

It doubled the size of the U.S. and gave rise to new territorial claims and conflicts over slavery.

How did the U.S. aim to control the territories in the West?

Through exploration, military action, and the Monroe Doctrine.

What was the Missouri Compromise?

A political compromise addressing the balance of slave and free states.

Who was elected President in the election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson.

What term did Jefferson use to describe the transfer of power in 1800?

The bloodless revolution.

What was the outcome of the Marbury v. Madison case?

Established the principle of judicial review.

How did Jefferson handle the Constitutional dilemma of the Louisiana Purchase?

He claimed the presidential power to negotiate treaties.

What impact did the Cotton Gin have?

It revolutionized Southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Who were the Five Civilized Tribes?

Native American tribes in the South that had adopted Western culture.

What was the Trail of Tears?

The forced relocation of Native Americans, particularly Cherokees, resulting in many deaths.

What led to the Nullification Crisis?

The belief by states that they could disobey federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

What was the outcome of Nat Turner's Rebellion?

Widespread fear in the South leading to stricter slave codes.

What characterized Jacksonian Democracy?

Universal white manhood suffrage and a strong presidency.

Who replaced William Henry Harrison as president?

John Tyler.

What was the Panic of 1837?

An economic downturn that plagued Van Buren's presidency.

What spurred the growth of cities in the North?

The rise of industrialization and manufacturing.

What was the role of women in early 19th-century reform movements?

They were particularly active in social reform movements, especially abolition and temperance.

What did the Abolitionist movement achieve?

It raised awareness and ultimately contributed to the end of slavery.

What major transportation developments occurred in the 1820s and 30s?

Construction of canals, railroads, and roads that improved trade and settlement.

How did the U.S. government encourage westward expansion?

By giving away land and providing loans at low interest rates.

What did the term 'Manifest Destiny' refer to?

The belief that Americans were destined to expand across the continent.

Who initiated the women's rights convention in 1848?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

What was the primary goal of the temperance movement?

To reduce or eliminate the consumption of alcohol.

What were the economic characteristics of the North?

It became industrialized and a commercial center with less reliance on agriculture.

What caused tension between the North and South in the 19th century?

Differing economies and the debate over slavery.

What was unique about the Whig Party?

It was a coalition opposing Democratic policies and favoring government intervention.

Who was Horace Mann?

An educational reformer known for promoting public education.

What was one reason for the rise of the middle class in the North?

Expansion of commerce and industry generating new job opportunities.

What impact did the Civil War have on society?

It intensified debates over freedom, equality, and rights.

How did the Second Great Awakening influence society?

It sparked various social reform movements including abolition and women's rights.

What characterized the economy of the South?

It remained agrarian and dependent on slave labor for crops like cotton.

What was the significance of the Essex Junto?

A group of Federalists who opposed the Louisiana Purchase and sought secession.

What agricultural innovations contributed to increased production?

The cotton gin and other mechanized farming tools.

How did industrialization change urban life in the North?

It led to rapid urbanization and created stark social inequalities.

What does 'Cult of Domesticity' refer to?

A societal norm that glorified women's roles as homemakers.

What was one consequence of the War of 1812 regarding American manufacturing?

It encouraged self-sufficiency and growth in American industry.

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act aim to achieve?

It aimed to allow territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.

How did the American expansion lead to conflicts with Native Americans?

Settlers encroached on lands, leading to resistance and military actions.

During what period did the majority of notable social reform movements arise?

During the antebellum period following the Second Great Awakening.

What marked the political landscape by the mid-19th century?

Political factions formed around issues like slavery and states' rights.

Who were the key figures in the abolitionist movement?

Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth.

What did the term 'internal improvements' refer to in the 19th century?

Federal investments in transportation infrastructure like roads and canals.

What stance did the Democratic Party take on government power?

Distrust of centralized power and emphasis on states' rights.

What was a defining characteristic of Jackson's presidency?

His strong use of presidential power and advocacy for the 'common man'.

What were the outcomes of the Hartford Convention?

It marked the decline of the Federalist party post-War of 1812.

What social view did many Southern plantation owners hold about slavery?

They believed it was a positive good for society.

What was the predominant view in the North regarding slavery by the 1830s?

Growing sentiment against slavery as a moral issue.

How did John Tyler's presidency differ from expectations?

He frequently vetoed Whig initiatives, alienating party members.

What was the main economic activity in the western frontier areas?

Commercial farming, fur trapping, and land speculation.

What did the Wilmot Proviso propose?

To ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.

How did banking and railroads contribute to the northern economy?

They facilitated trade, commerce, and the movement of goods.

What common theme united the abolitionist and women's rights movements?

Both sought equality and justice for marginalized groups.

What legal document declared that 'all men are created equal'?

The Declaration of Independence.

Who was a notable advocate for public schooling?

Horace Mann.

What led to the formation of new political parties like the Whigs?

Discontent with Jackson's Democratic policies.

What did Jackson's Indian Removal Act result in?

Forced relocation of Native American tribes to designated territories.

Who was involved in the creation of the anti-slavery movement in the late 1800s?

The Quakers and other religious groups.

What was common between the Second Great Awakening and the abolitionist movement?

Both emerged from a desire for social reform.

What event marked the beginning of organized women's rights efforts?

The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.

What was one effect of economic changes on American society post-Civil War?

Growth in urban centers and shifts in labor dynamics.

How did immigration affect Northern industrial cities?

It increased workforce numbers but also led to social strife.

What was the relationship between economic growth and social reform in this period?

Economic advancements prompted calls for social improvements and reforms.

What international conflict heightened tensions over slavery?

The Mexican-American War.

How did women's roles evolve during this period?

Women began advocating for rights beyond domestic roles, including suffrage.

What was the primary purpose of the American System?

To promote economic development and integration of national markets.

Which region was characterized by a plantation economy reliant on slave labor?

The South.

What ideology promoted the idea that American settlers were destined to expand across North America?

Manifest Destiny.

What were the results of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

Increased interest in westward expansion and knowledge of the new territories.

How did technology impact agricultural practices in the South?

It increased efficiency and production, expanding plantation agriculture.

What role did the federal government play in fostering economic growth?

By supporting infrastructure development and trade policies.

What continuous debate did the expansion of territories spark?

The extension of slavery into new states.

What marked the decline of the Federalist party?

Opposition to the War of 1812.

How did immigrants impact Northern society?

They contributed to the labor force but faced discrimination.

What movement sought to end the production and consumption of alcohol in the U.S.?

The temperance movement.

What was the effect of the cotton economy on the Southern social structure?

Increased division between wealthy plantation owners and poor farmers.

What did the Democratic-Republican party evolve into by the 1820s?

The Democratic party.

What was one major reason for the opposition to the Second Bank of the U.S.?

Perception that it favored the wealthy elite over the common citizen.

What was a significant outcome of the War of 1812 for national identity?

Strengthening of American nationalism.

Who was known for advocating a strong public education system?

Horace Mann.

What was a primary economic activity in the Midwest during this period?

Grain production.