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Software

A set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform specific tasks and interacts with hardware.

System Software

Software that manages hardware and system processes, including operating systems and utility programs.

Application Software

Designed for specific user tasks, allowing end-users to perform activities such as word processing and browsing.

Operating System

Essential system software that ensures efficient communication between hardware and software, manages resources, and provides a user interface.

Memory Management

The process by which an operating system allocates memory to programs and processes.

Device Management

The operating system's function of controlling and coordinating peripheral devices.

File Management

The organization and storage of data in a computer system, including operations like creating, opening, and deleting files.

Cloud Computing

The delivery of computing services over the internet, allowing for on-demand access to resources without local hardware.

File

A collection of data stored on a computer with a specific format.

Folder

A virtual container used to organize files and other folders, also known as a directory.

Primary Storage

Volatile storage, such as RAM, that temporarily holds data for active programs.

Secondary Storage

Non-volatile storage solutions such as Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives (SSD) that retain data even when powered off.

Backup Methods

Techniques for preserving data, including manual backups to external drives and cloud-based backups.

Public Cloud

Cloud services hosted by third-party providers accessible to multiple users over the internet, offering cost-effective scalability.

Hybrid Cloud

A combination of public and private cloud infrastructures allowing data sharing between the two environments.

Ethical Considerations in Cloud Computing

Issues related to data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the impact of technological advancements on society.

System

 acts as an interface between user and hardware 

• manages system resources efficiently 

application

helps users perform specific task like editing, browsing, gaming 

• enhances productivity and user experience 

memory management

function of an operating system: allocates memory to programs and processes 

process management

function of an operating system:  handles execution of processes 

device management

function of an operating system: controls peripheral devices 

file management

function of an operating system organizes and stores data 

security access control

function of an operating system protects system data 

user interface (ui) management-

function of an operating system provides interaction between user and computer 

operating systems

• microsoft windows

• macOS 

• linux (ventura, monterey) 

mobile operating system

• android 

• iOS 

• harmonyOS (huawei) 

productivity software

category of application software: ms office, google, docs

multimedia software

category of application software: adobe photoshop, vlc, media player

communication software

category of application software zoom, skype, whatsapp 

security software

category of application software: - antivirus, firewalls

educational software

category of application software khan academy, duolingo

word processing

example of application software: microsoft word, google docs

web browsing

example of application software google, chrome, firefox

graphic design

example of application software adobe

communication

example of application software zoom, microsoft 

media players

example of application software vlc, windows

Hardware

tangible. Physical components of a computer system that you can see and touch

Input devices

types of hardware: used to enter data into the computer, external components but the use can be seen inside the system. Ex. keyboard, mouse, joystick, touchpad, controllers

Output devices

types of hardware display or produce results from the computer. Ex. monitor, speaker

Storage devices

types of hardware  used to store data and programs, ex. Hard drives, ram

Processing devices

types of hardware the brain of the computer that processes instructions 

Networking devices

types of hardware facilitate communication between computers. Ex. internet modem 

Power supply and cooling systems -

types of hardware provide power and maintain temperature to prevent overheating. External parts like fan sa loob 

Peripherals 

External devices connected to a computer to enhance functionality

Wired connections:

• USB, HDMI, VGA,ethernet

Wireless connections:

• bluetooth, wifi, npc

Input

Common peripherals: keyboard, mouse, barcode scanner

Output

Common peripherals printer, speaker, external monitor

Storage

Common peripherals external HDD, USB Flash Drive 

Bluetooth

short range wireless communication (headphones, speakers) 

Wifi

wireless networking for internet access

Near field communication (nfc)

used in mobile payments (apple pay, google pay) 

5g connectivity

faster internet speeds

Wireless charging

used for smartphones, smart watch

AI-powered Processors

Advanced CPUs with built-in AI capabilities (intel core ultra, amd ai chips) 

Quantum computing

future of high-speed computations (google’s sycamore, IBM Q) 

Foldable displays

laptops and smartphones with flexible screens 

Solid-state drive (SSD) innovations

faster NVMe SSDs replace HDDs

AR and VR integration

enhanced gaming and simulation experiences 

Eco-friendly computing

energy-efficient processors and biodegradable components 

folder

virtual container used to organize files and other folders (a.k.a. directory)

File name

characteristics of computer files: identifies the file (ex. Report, docx, photo, jpg) 

File extension

characteristics of computer files: defines the file type (ex. Txt for text files, mp4 for video files) 

File size

characteristics of computer files:  the amount of storage space occupied by the file 

File location

characteristics of computer files: where the file is stored (internal, external storage, cloud)

File permissions

characteristics of computer files: determines who can read, write, execute a file

Hard disk drive (HDD)

• Large storage capacity, mechanical parts

Solid state disks (SSD)

• faster, more reliable than HDD 

Optical Discs (CD/DVD/Blu-ray)

•  used for media storage, software distribution 

Flash Drive (USB, Memory Cards)

• portable and removable storage 

Cloud storage (Google Drive, Onedrive, dropbox)

• internet based storage accessible anywhere

computer files purpose

purpose: Stores data and information

mass storage media purpose

purpose: Stores and retrieves multiple files

computer files format

Specific extension

mass storage media format

Physical storage devices

computer files accessibilty

Requires software to open

mass storage media accessibility

Requires a connection (internal or external)

computer files modification

Editable by software

mass storage media modification

hardware-dependent

Creating

file operations making a new file (ex. Document in ms word)

Opening

file operations accessing a file using an appropriate program. 

Saving

file operations storing changes made to a file 

Renaming

file operations changing the file’s name for better organization

Copying

file operations duplicating a file to another location 

Moving

file operations transferring a file from one location to another

Deleting

file operations: removing a file permanently or sending it to the recycling bin

Sequential access

file organization and access methods: reads and writes data in order (ex. Magnetic tape storage) 

Direct (random access)

file organization and access methods: accesses data instantly without going through a sequence (ex. Hard drives, SSDs)

Indexed access

file organization and access methods: uses an index to locate specific records quickly (ex. Databases) 

Folder structure

hierarchical system where folders contain files and subfolders

Directory path

the complete location of file (ex. users\documents\report\docx) 

Root directory

he highest level in a file system (ex. windows\linux)

Navigation pane

browse folders and drives 

Search bar and filtering

organize files by name, size, type, date modified

Quick access

pin frequently used folders 

File properties

view file details (size, type, last modified date) 

backup methods

manual backup, cloud backup, system backup

Manual backup:

copying files to an external drive 

Cloud backup:

• automatic backup to online services (google drive, dropbox)