I. Developmental Concepts

What is the definition of growth in the context of development?

An increase in body size or changes in body cell structure, function, and complexity.

What are the basic principles of growth and development?

Growth and development are orderly, sequential, continuous, complex, follow predictable trends, and can vary for each person.

Which factors can impact growth and development?

Individual factors, genetics, environmental factors, nutrition, and psychosocial experiences.

What is the key focus of Freud's theory of psychoanalytic development?

The effect of instinctual human drives on behavior, particularly sexuality.

What are the 5 stages of development according to Freud?

Oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, and genital stage.

What is the primary focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Learning occurs as a result of internal organization of events into mental schemas.

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget?

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.

What are Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust, 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, 3. Initiative vs. Guilt, 4. Industry vs. Inferiority, 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion, 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation, 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation, 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair.

What is the theme of Roger Gould's developmental theory?

Transformation during the adult years, with specific beliefs and developmental tasks.

What are the six age-related stages in Gould's theory?

Leaving the Parent’s World, Getting into the Adult World, Questioning & Reexamination, Midlife Decade, Reconciliation & Mellowing, Stability & Acceptance.

How does Daniel Levinson's theory of developmental change relate to life structure?

Life structure must reorganize when any component of the self, social, or cultural aspects change.

What are Kohlberg's three levels of moral development?

Preconventional, conventional, and post-conventional levels.

What does the theory of moral development by Carol Gilligan emphasize?

The female perspective on moral development, focusing on response and care rather than justice.

What is the pre-stage of James Fowler's theory of faith development?

Undifferentiated faith, characterized by trust, courage, hope, and love versus abandonment.

What are the 6 stages of Fowler's faith development?

1. Intuitive-Projective, 2. Mythical-Literal, 3. Synthetic-Conventional, 4. Individuative-Reflective, 5. Conjunctive, 6. Universalizing.

What principle should nurses apply when providing care related to growth and development?

Anticipate possible regression and understand environmental and cultural influences.

What role does genetics play in an individual's development?

Genetics can influence the development of physical characteristics and diseases.

How can nutrition impact growth and development?

Inadequate nutrition can negatively influence all stages of development.

What are the implications of developmental theories for nursing practice?

To assess and plan nursing care that is individualized and holistic based on understanding growth and development.

What is the significance of psychosocial experiences in development?

Psychosocial experiences such as neglect, abuse, or caregiver mental illness can greatly affect growth and development.

How do environmental factors affect development?

Environmental factors such as poverty, chronic illness, and congenital disorders can hinder growth and development.

What is the process of cognitive development according to Piaget?

Cognitive development involves assimilation and accommodation, continually structuring knowledge.

In Erikson's theory, what can result from failure to succeed in developmental goals?

Delays in progress and functioning at previous life stage goals.

What is the ultimate goal of promoting health across the lifespan?

To deliver care that accommodates the unique developmental characteristics of individuals.

How should nurses collaborate with the healthcare team regarding growth and development?

By promoting developmentally challenging environments and understanding individual variations in development.