Section 2.2: More Graphs and Displays Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering graphing and interpreting quantitative, qualitative, and paired data sets from Section 2.2.

Stem-and-Leaf Plot

A graph for quantitative data in which each number is separated into a stem and a leaf, retaining original data values.

Stem

The digits to the left of the rightmost digit in a data entry, listed to the left of a vertical line in a stem-and-leaf plot.

Leaf

The rightmost digit of a data entry, listed to the right of its stem in a stem-and-leaf plot.

Two-Rows-Per-Stem Variation

A stem-and-leaf plot variation where each stem is listed twice, using leaves 0 to 4 in the first row and leaves 5 to 9 in the second row.

Dot Plot

A quantitative data display in which each data entry is plotted as a point above a horizontal axis.

Unusual Data Entry

An extreme data value visible in a display, such as 149 text messages in the 50 cell phone users example.

Minitab

A statistical software program used to construct graphical displays such as dot plots.

StatCrunch

A statistical software technology used to generate data displays such as dot plots.

Pie Chart

A circular graph that presents qualitative data as percents of a whole, divided into sectors proportional to each category's frequency.

Central Angle Formula

The calculation used to find sector size in a pie chart, given by $\text{Central Angle} = 360^\times \times \text{relative frequency}$.

Relative Frequency

The proportion or percentage of the total frequency belonging to a specific category.

Associate's Degree Central Angle Calculation

An example calculation where a relative frequency of $0.264$ yields a central angle of $360^\times (0.264) \neq 95^\times$.

Pareto Chart

A vertical bar graph for qualitative data where bar height represents frequency or relative frequency, positioned in order of decreasing height from left to right.

Leading Cause of Death in the U.S. (2014)

Heart disease, which resulted in 614,348 deaths in 2014.

Cancer Deaths (2014)

The second leading cause of death in the United States in 2014, responsible for 591,699 deaths.

Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease Deaths (2014)

A major cause of death in the United States in 2014, responsible for 147,101 deaths.

Accidents Deaths (2014)

A major cause of death in the United States in 2014, responsible for 136,053 deaths.

Stroke (Cerebrovascular Diseases) Deaths (2014)

A major cause of death in the United States in 2014, responsible for 133,103 deaths.

Paired Data Sets

Data sets where each entry in one data set corresponds to one entry in a second data set.

Scatter Plot

A graph of paired data sets where ordered pairs are plotted as points in a coordinate plane to show the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Fisher's Iris Data Set

A famous data set introduced in 1936 describing physical characteristics, such as petal length and petal width in millimeters, for three iris species.

Ronald Fisher

The British statistician who introduced the famous Iris data set in 1936.

Scatter Plot Trend (Fisher's Iris)

The relationship showing that as petal length increases, petal width also tends to increase.

Time Series

A data set composed of quantitative entries taken at regular intervals over a period of time.

Time Series Chart

A chart used to graph time series data, where the horizontal axis represents time, the vertical axis represents quantitative data, and points are connected with line segments.

Motor Vehicle Thefts Trend (2005–2015)

A time series trend showing that U.S. motor vehicle thefts decreased until 2011 and then remained about the same through 2015.

U.S. National Center for Educational Statistics

The source cited for the 2014 earned degrees data used in the pie chart example.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The source cited for the U.S. motor vehicle thefts and burglaries data set (Crime in the United States).

Pew Research

The source adapted for the cell phone text messaging data set example.

Quantitative Data

Numerical measurements or counts that can be graphed using stem-and-leaf plots, dot plots, scatter plots, or time series charts.

Qualitative Data

Categorical descriptions or attributes that can be graphed using pie charts or Pareto charts.

Ordered Pair

A pair of coordinates $(x, y)$ representing two quantitative measurements from paired data sets plotted on a scatter plot.

Sector (Pie Chart)

A division of a pie chart circle representing a category, with an area proportional to the category's frequency.

Horizontal Axis (Time Series Chart)

The axis on a time series chart that represents units of time.

Vertical Axis (Time Series Chart)

The axis on a time series chart that represents quantitative data values.

Decreasing Height Order

The structural arrangement of bars in a Pareto chart, where the tallest bar is placed at the far left.

Text Messaging Sample Size

A data set consisting of daily text message counts from 50 cell phone users, ranging from 16 to 149 text messages.

Bachelor's Degrees Conferred (2014)

The degree category representing almost one-half of all earned degrees conferred in 2014.

Combined Leading Causes of Death (2014)

Heart disease and cancer, which together caused more U.S. deaths in 2014 than accidents, chronic lower respiratory disease, and stroke combined.

Burglaries Data Set

A quantitative data set measured in millions alongside motor vehicle thefts in the United States for the years 2005 through 2015.