Infectious Disease Quiz #1

Hippocrates-

Wrote Airs, Water and Places (explore the direct and indirect consequences of climate change from many scientific perspectives).

Claudius Galen-

Human anatomy and physiology

Fracastoro-

Transmission of infectious diseases by minute invisible particles.

John Snow-

Cholera

8 Types of Transmission:

1. Water

2. Blood

3. Air

4. Food

5. Non-traumatic

6. Traumatic

7. Vector

8. Inhalation

Examples of Perinatal Infections:

• Rubella- Virus

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

• Herpes Simplex Virus

• Toxoplasmosis- Bacteria

• Syphilis- Bacteria

• Hepatitis B- Virus

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Incubation Period helps?

Helps determine what disease because incubations periods are different depending on the disease.

Infectivity-

Ability of a pathogen to establish an infection.

Pathogenicity-

Capacity of an organism to cause disease.

Virulence-

Ability of a pathogen to infect the host and cause disease.

Immunogenicity-

Ability of cells/tissues to cause an immune response.

Inapparent Infections-

Few or no symptoms in a host.

The Carrier State-

Harboring an infective pathogen without manifesting symptoms.

Outbreak-

3+ people with same etiology at the same time.

What were the factors fostering the emergence of infectious diseases (such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic)?

• overuse of antibiotics

• populations growth

• migration of communities

• air travel

• poverty

• destructive ecological changes

Surveillance case reports are transmitted weekly from states to the CDC for the inclusion in national summary data published in the ____?

Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report

What is used for food-borne outbreaks?

FoodNet

Relative Risk (RR)-

Used in cohort studies (RR >1)

Odds Ratio (OR)-

Used in case control studies (OR >1)

The Era of Plagues:

• Bubonic Plague

• Smallpox

• Syphilis

Variolation-

Introduction of dried pus from smallpox pustules via inhalation or engrafting into the skin of a susceptible host.

First known “vaccination” occurred in?

1774

Polio endemic countries:

• Afghanistan

• Pakistan

• Nigeria

Mechanisms of passive immunity:

• In utero

• Through breastfeeding

Doesn’t provide full protection.

Active Immunity V.S. Passive Immunity:

Passive- protection conferred to a susceptible host through the transfer of animal or human antibody (immunoglobulin), usually by injection.

Active- protection produced by the host’s own immune system and relies on the ability of the host to generate an immune response following exposure to specific antigens.

How many vaccine types are there?

8

Vaccine Types:

• Live, attenuated vaccine

• Inactivated “killed” vaccine

• Toxoids

• Subunit vaccines

• Conjugate vaccines

• Recombinant vaccines

• Vector vaccines

• DNA vaccines

What is VAERS?

Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System

A reporting system to document non-natural responses to vaccines.

How are organisms killed to be used in vaccines?

• Heat

• Chemicals

• Radiation

What are T cells?

T-lymphocyte: a type of white blood cell in the Adaptive Immune System that helps the body fight off infection.

Two types:

CD8—> cytotoxic cells—> kill antigens through apoptosis, phagocytosis.. etc

CD4–> helper T cells—> help to identify antigens

Who inoculated individuals with cowpox to protect against smallpox?

Jenner (1796); First vaccine trial to evaluate the effects of vaccination.

Smallpox Vaccine

Phase 1:

Dose finding and safety

Phase 2:

Safety and immunogenicity trials

Phase 3:

Comparative efficacy trials

Phase 4:

Post-licensure/post-marketing epidemiological studies

Vaccine Manufacturing (3 parts):

• Adjuvants-enhances immunogenicity of vaccine antigens

• Additives- prevents growth of bacteria or fungi inadvertently introduced into vaccines

• Residuals- cell culture material (antibiotics, sensitizing substances, and bacterial and cellular residuals)

Fears of Vaccines:

• Vaccines cause mad cow disease

• Vaccines cause cancer

• Vaccines overwhelm the immune system

• MMR VaccinesAd cause autism

Adaptive Immune System:

• 1st response is slow

• memory component

• intensity of response increases the 2nd time

• Specific

Innate Immune System:

• Fast responses

• Consistent responses

• Intensity of response stays the same