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Hippocrates-
Wrote Airs, Water and Places (explore the direct and indirect consequences of climate change from many scientific perspectives).
Claudius Galen-
Human anatomy and physiology
Fracastoro-
Transmission of infectious diseases by minute invisible particles.
John Snow-
Cholera
8 Types of Transmission:
Water
Blood
Air
Food
Non-traumatic
Traumatic
Vector
Inhalation
Examples of Perinatal Infections:
Rubella- Virus
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes Simplex Virus
Toxoplasmosis- Bacteria
Syphilis- Bacteria
Hepatitis B- Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Incubation Period helps?
Helps determine what disease because incubations periods are different depending on the disease.
Infectivity-
Ability of a pathogen to establish an infection.
Pathogenicity-
Capacity of an organism to cause disease.
Virulence-
Ability of a pathogen to infect the host and cause disease.
Immunogenicity-
Ability of cells/tissues to cause an immune response.
Inapparent Infections-
Few or no symptoms in a host.
The Carrier State-
Harboring an infective pathogen without manifesting symptoms.
Outbreak-
3+ people with same etiology at the same time.
What were the factors fostering the emergence of infectious diseases (such as the HIV/AIDS epidemic)?
overuse of antibiotics
populations growth
migration of communities
air travel
poverty
destructive ecological changes
Surveillance case reports are transmitted weekly from states to the CDC for the inclusion in national summary data published in the ____?
Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report
What is used for food-borne outbreaks?
FoodNet
Relative Risk (RR)-
Used in cohort studies (RR >1)
Odds Ratio (OR)-
Used in case control studies (OR >1)
The Era of Plagues:
Bubonic Plague
Smallpox
Syphilis
Variolation-
Introduction of dried pus from smallpox pustules via inhalation or engrafting into the skin of a susceptible host.
First known “vaccination” occurred in?
1774
Polio endemic countries:
Afghanistan
Pakistan
Nigeria
Mechanisms of passive immunity:
In utero
Through breastfeeding
Doesn’t provide full protection.
Active Immunity V.S. Passive Immunity:
Passive- protection conferred to a susceptible host through the transfer of animal or human antibody (immunoglobulin), usually by injection.
Active- protection produced by the host’s own immune system and relies on the ability of the host to generate an immune response following exposure to specific antigens.
How many vaccine types are there?
8
Vaccine Types:
Live, attenuated vaccine
Inactivated “killed” vaccine
Toxoids
Subunit vaccines
Conjugate vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Vector vaccines
DNA vaccines
What is VAERS?
Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System
A reporting system to document non-natural responses to vaccines.
How are organisms killed to be used in vaccines?
Heat
Chemicals
Radiation
What are T cells?
T-lymphocyte: a type of white blood cell in the Adaptive Immune System that helps the body fight off infection.
Two types:
CD8—> cytotoxic cells—> kill antigens through apoptosis, phagocytosis.. etc
CD4–> helper T cells—> help to identify antigens
Who inoculated individuals with cowpox to protect against smallpox?
Jenner (1796); First vaccine trial to evaluate the effects of vaccination.
Smallpox Vaccine
Phase 1:
Dose finding and safety
Phase 2:
Safety and immunogenicity trials
Phase 3:
Comparative efficacy trials
Phase 4:
Post-licensure/post-marketing epidemiological studies
Vaccine Manufacturing (3 parts):
Adjuvants-enhances immunogenicity of vaccine antigens
Additives- prevents growth of bacteria or fungi inadvertently introduced into vaccines
Residuals- cell culture material (antibiotics, sensitizing substances, and bacterial and cellular residuals)
Fears of Vaccines:
Vaccines cause mad cow disease
Vaccines cause cancer
Vaccines overwhelm the immune system
MMR VaccinesAd cause autism
Adaptive Immune System:
1st response is slow
memory component
intensity of response increases the 2nd time
Specific
Innate Immune System:
Fast responses
Consistent responses
Intensity of response stays the same