Fungi

Are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Are fungi "spore-bearing"?

Yes

Do fungi have chlorophyll?

No

How do fungi reproduce?

Sexually and asexually

In order to properly absorb the nutrients, fungi break ________ and ________ _________

Tissue and decaying matter

What are the two functions of fungi?

Decomposition and fermentation

What does it mean when we say fungi are a "true" cell?

They are eukaryotic

Since fungi are eukaryotic, do they have a cell wall?

Yes

What is the fungi cellular wall made up of?

Chitin

Is chitin is a single-layered polysaccharide?

No (MULTIlayered Polysaccharide)

What is unique to fungi?

Chitin

What is the cell membrane of fungi's made up of?

Ergosterol

What do antifungals target on fungi?

Ergosterol

Is fungi larger than viral/bacterial cells?

Yes

How is classification of human affecting fungi done by?

Based on the location of the body where infection occurs

If a fungi is cutaneous, where is it limited to?

Epidermis

If a fungi is subcutaneous/dermatophytic, where has the fungal infection spread?

Significantly beneath the skin

If a fungi is systemic, where is the infection at?

Deep within the body aka disseminated into the internal organs

What are the two divisions systemic fungi can be split into

Pathogenic or opportunistic infections

Who do pathogenic fungi target?

Healthy individuals

Who do opportunistic fungi target?

Those who have predisposing conditions, such as - immunocompromising conditions like HIV

Many fungi are HIGHLY encapsulated, what does this mean?

It means they are HIGHLY immunological and can cause allergic/asthmatic responses and swelling

What is another term for filamentous fungi?

Mold-like

What is hyphae?

Long thread-like cell filaments that are found in groups of multicellular fungi

What is a unicellular fungi with no flagella?

Yeast

What are fungi that are capable of shifting from a mold form (in an external environment) to a yeast (in the host)

Dimorphs

What organisms can Dimorphs cause harm in?

Animals and humans

What are the two things Dimorphs are based off of?

Temperature and carbon dioxide level

How do fungi reproduce asexually?

Mitosis

What are the 3 different types of asexual/mitosis reproduction in fungi

1) Transverse Fission
2) Budding
3) Spore Production

What is occurring when the parent cell develops a fissure to form a new cell wall that splits into 2 daughter cells?

Transverse fission

What type of asexual reproduction involves a yeast budding off and producing a new organism?

Budding

What type of asexual fungal reproduction occurs inside the fungus and is initiated via mitosis and subsequent cell division?

Spore production

Which is the most common of the 3 asexual reproduction methods?

Spore production

Does spore production occur inside or outside of the fungus

Inside

In transverse fission, the parent cell forms what?

A fissure

Which type of fungal reproduction involves the combination of 2 strains (diploid) undergoing meiosis?

Sexual

Does asexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis

Mitosis

Does sexual reproduction use mitosis or meiosis

Meiosis

What does sexual fungal reproduction require?

The fusion of 2 nuclei to form a zygote and produce spores

What is the advantage to reproducing sexually?

Aids in the survival of the species in extreme environmental condition

What is Sabouraud's Agar?

A culture media used to grow fungi

Is the pH of Sabouraud's agar high or low?

Low

Is potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution a wet mount form?

Yes

Is the gamori-methenamine Silver (GMS) stain a form of wet mount?

Yes

Which is more sensitive: GMS or fungal culture/KOH?

GMS

What color does India Ink appear?

Blue

What color does PAS appear?

Pink

What do cutaneous fungal pathogens use for nutrition

Keratin

What are common infection sites of cutaneous fungal pathogens?

Feet, nails, hair

What are the most prevalent fungal infection in the WORLD

Cutaneous fungal pathogens

Do cutaneous fungal pathogens invade non-keratinized tissue as well?

No

Do cutaneous fungi enter through intact skin?

No (through trauma)

Do cutaneous fungal pathogens have tissue specificity?

Yes

What characterizes a cutaneous fungal pathogen is present?

Itching/scaly skin

Are cutaneous fungal pathogen tissue specific?

Yes

Where is microsporum typically found?

Dirt

How is microsporum transmitted?

Animal contact

What does microsporum infect?

Hair and skin (not nails)

How is Trichophyton transmitted?

Human contact

What does trichophyton infect?

Hair, skin, and nails

How is epidermophyton transmitted?

Human contact

What does Epidermophyton infect?

Skin and nails

Which of the cutaneous fungal infections only infects the hair and the skin?

Microsporum

Which of the cutanous fungal infection infects the hair, skin and nails?

Trichophyton

Which of the cutanous fungal infections infects only the nails and skin?

Epidermophyton

Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton ALL do NOT invade what?

Nonkeratinized tissue

Is Tinea pedis cutaneous?

Yes

What is Tineas pedis commonly known as?

Athletes foot

What tissue is typically infected in Tineas pedis?

Tissue between the toes

Tineas pedis affects the tissue between the toes, but can also spread where?

Nails

Where is Tineas pedis most commonly contracted?

Shared showers

What is Tinea corporis commonly known as?

Ringworm

How does Tinea corporis present?

Lesions with advancing rings and scaly centers

Is the CENTER of the ring the site of active fungal growth in Tinea corporis?

No (the periphery is)

Where is ring worm (Tinea corporis) commonly shared by kids?

Sandboxes

How does the skin appear in those who have ring worm (Tinea corporis)?

Ring lesions with scaly centers

What is Tinea capitis commonly known as?

Scalp ring worm or cradle cap

Who is Tinea capitis commonly seen in?

Babies

Cradle cap (Tineas capitis) can range from small scaly patches to involvement of the entire scalp with extensive ______.

Hair loss

What is Tinea cruris commonly known as?

Jock itch

Where do most of the lesions occur in Tinea cruris?

Groin area to upper thigh to the genitals

What is another name for Tinea unguium?

Onychomyosis

Which Tinea causes nails to become brittle and discolored?

Tinea unguium

How long does treatment typically last for those affected with Tinea unguium?

3-4 months and infected portions of the nail have grown out and are trimmed off

In what temperature does Tinea versicolor present?

Hot humid weather

How does Tinea versicolor appear on the skin?

HYPOpigmented lesions

Subcutaneous fungal pathogens are infections of what three areas?

Subcutaneous tissue, dermis, bone

Are subcutaneous fungal infections deeper or more superficial compared to cutaneous infections?

Deeper

Subcutaneous fungal pathogens are organisms that arise from where?

The soil

How are subcutaneous fungal infection acquired?

Traumatic lacerations/puncture wounds

Are subcutaneous fungal infections transmissible via human to human contact?

No

Which form of subcutaneous fungal pathogen is DIMORPHIC?

Sporotrichosis

What form is Sporotrichosis in at room temp?

Mold

What form is Sporotrichosis in at body temp?

Yeast

Which strain of subcutaneous fungal infection causes an infection SECONDARY to traumatic inoculation via entering the blood stream and causing localized granulomatous infections?

Sporotrichosis

What does Sporotrichosis manifest as?

Localized infections (granulomatous, local ulcers/pustules, nodules on lymphatic vessels)

When does Sporotrichosis become the most serious/life-threatening?

Widespread infection if circulating in the lymph system

What can Chromomycosis also be called?

Chromoblastomycosis

Where (geographically) do infections of Chromomycosis occur?

Tropical areas