week 2 anatomy practical study

What is letter A

Hair shaft

What is letter B

Epidermis

What is letter C

Papillary layer

What is letter D

Dermis

What is letter E

Reticular layer

What is letter F

Subcutaneous layer, hypodermic layer not part of skin

What is letter G H J K

Nervous structures (main thing to rmbr)

• sensory nerve fiber with free nerve endings

• tactile corpuscle

• lamellar corpuscle

• hair follicle receptor

What is letter L

Dermal papillae

What is letter M

sweat pore (with sweat gland)

What is letter N

Eccrine sweat gland

What is letter O

Arrector pili muscle (causes goosebumps)

What is letter P

Sebaceous oil gland

What is letter Q

Hair follicle

What is letter R

Hair root

What is letter S

Dermal vascular plexus

What is letter T

Adipose tissue

Thin Skin: What is letter A

Stratum corneum

Thin Skin: What is letter B

Stratum granulosum

Thin Skin: What is letter C

Stratum spinosum

Thin Skin: What is letter D

Stratum basale

Thick skin: What Is letter A

Stratum Corneum

Thin Skin: What is letter B

Stratum lucidum

only thick skin has this layer

thick skin is only on your palms and soles of your feet

Thin Skin: What is letter C

Stratum Granulosum

Thin Skin: What is letter D

Stratum spinosum

Thin Skin: What is letter E

Stratum basale

Thin Skin: What is letter F

Dermis

Sweat Glands: Eccrine

Mostly on palms, soles, forehead.

Contains H2O, salts, and doesn’t stink

Sweat Glands: Apocrine

Axillary and genital regions, associated with hair follicles

active during puberty

contains proteins and lipids

mixes with bacteria, causes body odor.

structure of a Nail

Nail plate: dead epithelia cells from stratus corneum

consists of:

• nail free edge

• nail body

• nail root

Structure of a Nail: Lunule

thicker region of the nail bed

Structure of a Nail: Nail plate

Epithelia cells from stratum basale

Structure of a Nail: Nail Matrix

cell division occurs for nail growth

Structure of a Nail: Nail cuticle

region of dead skin

another name: eponychium

Structure of Hair: Hair

• location: found everywhere except thick skin (palms/soles of feet), parts of genitals, mammilla, and lips.

• function: temp regulation, sensory direction, and physical protection.

  Structure of Hair:

Structure of Hair: Hair follicle

surrounds the root of the hair, helps it grow

depression from epidermis

Structure of Hair: Hair Papilla

base of hair, contains capillaries that supply nutrients for cell division within hair matrix of the hair bulb.

• cells of hair are pushed upwards, become keratinized, pigmented and die

Structure of Hair: Arrector pili muscle

attached to the hair follicle that pull on hair and erect

goosebumps

Structure of Hair: Sebaceous glands

oil glands

secrets sebum into the hair follicle keeps the surface flexible and waterproof.

Superior - Cranial

Towards the head

Inferior - Caudal

Towards the feet

Anterior - Ventral

At or closer to the FRONT of the body

Posterior - Dorsal

At or closer to the BACK of body

medial

nearer to the midline of the body

lateral

farther from the midline of the body

Proximal

Nearer to the center of the body / structure’s attachment point

distal

farther from the center of the body / structure’s attachment point

deep

away from the surface of the body

superficial

close to the surface of the body

Integumentary

• skin, nails, hair, cutaneous organs and glands

  • protects deeper organs from mechanical, chemical, bacterial injury, and from organs drying out

  • excretes salt and urea (sweat glands)

  • finds in body temp regulation

  • produces vitamin d

skeletal

• bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and joints

  • body support and protection of internal organs

  • provides levers for muscular action

  • blood cell formation

  • bones store minerals

muscular

• muscles attached to skeleton

  • primary function: contract or shorter

    • allows for moving and facial expression

  • generates heat

nervous

• brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

  • allows body to detect changes in internal and external environment. responds to information by activating appropriate muscles or glands

  • maintains homeostasis through rapid electrical signals

Endocrine

• pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands. ovaries, testies, and pancreas

  • Also helps maintain homeostasis, promotes growth and development, produces hormones to exert their effects on various target organs of the body.

Cardiovascular

• heart and blood vessels

  • Primarily a transport system. carries blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, ions, hormones, and other substances to and from tissue cells.

  • blood is propelled through blood vessels from heart pumps.

  • antibodies and other protein molecules in the blood help protect the body.

Lymphatic

• lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

  • picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

  • cleanses blood of pathogens and others

  • houses lymphocytes (type of white blood cells) that is an immune response to protect the body from foreign substances.

Respiratory

• nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

  • keeps the blood supplied with oxygen while removing carbon dioxide

  • contributes to acid-base balance of the blood

digestive

• oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

  • breaks down digested food into smaller particles to be absorbed (nutrients) into the blood for delivery to the body cells.

  • indigested residue is poop

urinary

• kidneys, uereters, bladder, and urethra

  • rids the body of nitrogen containing wastes (urea, uric acid, and ammonia) results from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids

  • maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood

reproductive

• MALE: testes, prostate gland, scrotum, pp, duct system (carries sperm to body exterior)

  • provides gametes (sperm)

• FEMALE: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and the hoohaa

  • provides gametes (eggs)

  • uterus houses developing fetus until birth

  • mammary glands provide nutrition for infant

What are the four main tissue types

• nervous (controls)

• muscle (moves)

• Epithelial (covers)

• Connective (supports)

What are the three types of muscle tissues

• skeletal

• cardiac

• smooth

What is letter A?

Macrophage

What is letter B

Fibroblast

What is letter C

Lymphocyte

What is letter D

Fat cell

What is letter E

Mast cell

What is letter F

Neutrophil

What is letter G

Ground substance

(fibers) What is letter H

Collagen fiber

(fibers) What is letter I

Elastic fiber

(fibers) What is letter J

Reticular fiber

What is letter K

Capillary

What are regular tissues?

Connective tissues that are tightly packed, parallel, and help resist pulling forces in ONE direction.

What are irregular tissues?

Connective tissues that features an interwoven mesh of collagen fibers that resist pulling forces from MULTIPLE directions.

What is the location and purpose of: Embryonic connective tissue- messenchyme

• location: embryo

• function: gives rise to all other tissues

What is the location and purpose of: Loose CT- Areolar

• Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body. packages organs and surrounds capillaries.

• function: wraps and cushions organs, plays a role in inflammation.

What is the location and purpose of: Loose CT, Adipose

• location: under skin, around kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, and breasts

• function: provides fuel, insulates, protects organs

also looks like marshmallows

What is the location and purpose of: Loose CT Reticulum

• location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrows, and spleen)

• function: forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) supports other cell types (white blood cells, mast cell, macrophages)

What is the location and purpose of: Dense Regular CT

• location: tendons, most ligaments, eponeuroses

• function: attaches muscle to bones and w/stands great stress when pulled in ONE direction.

• tightly binds body parts

What is the location and purpose of: Elastic CT

• location: Walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column. Within walls of bronchial tubes.

• function: allows recoil for tissue after stretching, maintains flow of blood through arteries, recoil of lungs after respiration.

What is the location and purpose of: Dense Irregular CT

• location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive track.

• function: w/stand tension exerted in MULTIPLE directions. provides structural strength.

What is the location and purpose of: Cartilage- Hyaline

• location: forms most embryonic skeleton, cover joint cavities in long bones, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, and larynx.

• function: supports and reinforces, serves as strong cushions, resists compressive stress.

note: only cartilage has chondrocytes

What is the location and purpose of: Cartilage- Elastic

• location: ear

• function: maintains shape with flexibility

note: only cartilage has chondrocytes

What is the location and purpose of: Cartilage- fibrocartilage

• location: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knew joint.

• function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock.

What is the location and purpose of: Bones (osseous tissue)

• location: bones

• function: supports & protects, stores calcium, other minerals, & fat. Creates red blood cells (hematopoiesis)

What is the location and purpose of: Blood

• location: contained within blood cells

• function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, and other substances. defends against diseases, also clots.

What is the location and purpose of: Nervous tissue

• location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• function: neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscle and glands).

Epithelial tissues: simple

one layer

Epithelial tissues: Stratified

layered

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Squamous

• location: kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity

• function: allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration sites.

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Cuboidal

• location: kidney tubules, ducts, ovary surface.

• function: secretion and absorption

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Columnar

• location: lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder, small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some parts of the uterus.

• function: absorption, secretion of mucus.

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

• location: lines the trachea, nonciliated type in male spec carrying ducts.

• function: secretes mucus

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Stratified squamous epithelium

• location: non-keratinized forms linings of esophagus, mouth and internal muscular canal connecting the body to the uterus.

  • keratinized- epidermis on skin, dry membrane

• function: protects underlining tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Stratified cuboidal epithelium

• location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

• function: protection

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: Stratified columnar

• location: rare in body, usually in male urethra

• function: protection, secretion

Epithelial tissues location and purpose: transitional epithelium

• location: lines ureters, urinary bladder, part of urethra

• function: stretches and permits distention of urinary organs by containing urine.

Muscle tissues location and purpose: skeletal

• location: attached to bones

• function: voluntary movement

Muscle tissues location and purpose: cardiac muscle

• location: walls of heart

• function: contracts and propels blood into circulation, involuntary control

Muscle tissues location and purpose: smooth muscle

• location: walls of hollow organs

• function: propels substances or a baby along passageway; involuntary control.