Lecture Notes: Organic Chemistry, Circulatory System, Ionic Bonding, and Forces (Video)

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from organic chemistry, the circulatory system, ionic bonding, and forces. Each card defines a term in straightforward, exam-ready language.

Crude oil

A fossil fuel formed from dead sea creatures; a mixture of hydrocarbons and other compounds.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon; crude oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons.

Alkanes

Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms, general formula CnH2n+2.

General formula for alkanes

CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Complete combustion

Burning with plenty of oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).

Incomplete combustion

Burning with insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide (CO) and/or carbon soot.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Gas produced when carbon-containing fuels burn in oxygen during complete combustion.

Water (H2O)

Product formed from hydrogen during combustion.

Oxygen (O2)

Gas required for combustion; reacts with fuel to form CO2 and H2O.

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Toxic gas produced during incomplete combustion.

Carbon soot

Particulates of carbon produced during incomplete combustion.

Alkanes in general

A family of hydrocarbons with formula CnH2n+2 and single C–C bonds.

Ionic bonding

Bonding between a metal and a non-metal involving electron transfer to form ions.

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Ionic compound formed from sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl−).

Magnesium oxide (MgO)

Ionic compound formed from magnesium ions (Mg2+) and oxide ions (O2−).

Ionic lattice

3D arrangement of oppositely charged ions held together by strong electrostatic forces.

Cation

Positive ion formed when metals lose electrons.

Anion

Negative ion formed when non-metals gain electrons.

Electrostatic force

The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in an ionic lattice.

Aqueous

Substance dissolved in water.

Molten

Rock melted into a liquid (molten state) for ionic conduction.

Positive ion

Ion with more protons than electrons; loses electrons in bonding.

Negative ion

Ion with more electrons than protons; gains electrons in bonding.

3D Ball and Stick model

A visual representation of a crystal lattice showing ions as spheres and bonds as sticks.

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart; thick muscular walls; high pressure.

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the body’s tissues ; thin walls; valves to prevent backflow; low pressure.

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels with very thin walls (one cell thick) for diffusion of gases.

Aorta

Main artery that transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Pulmonary artery

Artery that transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Pulmonary vein

Vein that transports oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

Vena cava

Large vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.

Right atrium

Heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava.

Left atrium

Heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Right ventricle

Heart chamber that pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.

Left ventricle

Heart chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta.

Blood

Fluid tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste around the body.

Flow of oxygenated blood

Movement of blood rich in oxygen from the heart to the body through arteries.

Flow of deoxygenated blood

Movement of blood low in oxygen back to the heart through veins.

Blood vessels

Tubes (arteries, veins, capillaries) that transport blood around the body.

Heart

Muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Flow of oxygenated blood (oxygen-rich)

Pathway where blood is rich in oxygen as it travels from the heart to tissues.

Flow of deoxygenated blood (oxygen-poor)

Pathway where blood has released most of its oxygen returning to the heart.

Acceleration

Rate of change of velocity; can be found from the gradient of a velocity-time graph.

Velocity

Speed with direction; a vector quantity.

Speed

Rate of motion; magnitude only; distance divided by time.

Displacement

Straight-line distance from start to finish in a specific direction; a vector.

Distance

Total length of path traveled; scalar quantity.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object; inertial property resisting acceleration.

Inertia

Tendency of an object to continue in its current state of motion or rest.

Inertial mass

Measure of an object's resistance to changes in motion (F = ma uses m).

Centre of mass

Point where the object's mass can be considered to be concentrated.

Momentum

Product of mass and velocity; p = mv.

Newton's First Law

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted on by a net external force.

Newton's Second Law

Acceleration is proportional to the net external force and inversely proportional to mass (F = ma).

Newton's Third Law

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Contact forces

Forces that occur when objects physically touch (e.g., friction, normal force).

Non-contact forces

Forces exerted without contact (e.g., gravity, magnetic, electrostatic).

Resolution of forces

Splitting a force into perpendicular components that have the same effect as the original force.

Resultant force

Single force that represents the combined effect of all forces on an object.

Scalar quantities

Quantities with magnitude only, no direction (e.g., distance, speed).

Vector quantities

Quantities with both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).

Weight

Force due to gravity on an object's mass (weight = mass × gravitational field strength).

Upthrust

Upward buoyant force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.

Floating

When an object's weight is less than the upthrust, causing it to rise or stay afloat.

Fluid

A liquid or gas that can flow.

Equilibrium

State where the resultant force and resultant moment on an object are zero.

Elastic deformation

Temporary change in shape that returns to original shape when the force is removed.

Elastic limit

Point beyond which a material no longer returns to its original shape after deformation.

Elastic Potential Energy

Energy stored when a spring is stretched or compressed.

Spring constant

Stiffness of a spring; higher K means less extension for a given force.

Stopping distance

Total distance a vehicle travels from the driver noticing a hazard to it stopping, including thinking and braking distances.

Thinking distance

Distance traveled during the driver's reaction time before braking begins.

Braking distance

Distance traveled after the brakes are applied until the vehicle stops.

Reaction time

Time taken for a driver to respond to a hazard; typically around 0.2–0.9 seconds.

Resolution of forces (vector components)

Decomposing forces into perpendicular components that have the same effect as the original force.

Moment

Turning effect of a force, equal to force × perpendicular distance to the pivot.