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108 Terms
1
health psychology
A subfield of psychology that explores the impact of psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors on health and wellness.
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psychoneuroimmunology
The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health.
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3
stress
The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
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approach and avoidance motives
The drive to move toward (approach) or away from (avoid) a stimulus.
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general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases — alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
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tend-and-befriend response
Under stress, people (especially women) may nurture themselves and others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).
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coronary heart disease
The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries.
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Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
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9
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
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catharsis
In psychology, the idea that 'releasing' aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.
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coping
Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods.
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problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly — by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
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emotion-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction.
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14
personal control
Our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.
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15
learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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external locus of control
The perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
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internal locus of control
The perception that we control our own fate.
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self-control
The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.
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19
positive psychology
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of promoting strengths and virtues that foster well-being, resilience, and positive emotions.
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20
subjective well-being
Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life.
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feel-good, do-good phenomenon
People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.
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adaptation-level phenomenon
Our tendency to form judgments relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.
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relative deprivation
The perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.
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broaden-and-build theory
Proposes that positive emotions broaden our awareness and help us build skills that improve well-being.
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25
character strengths and virtues
A classification system to identify positive traits; organized into categories of wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence.
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resilience
The personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity.
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aerobic exercise
Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; helps alleviate depression and anxiety.
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mindfulness meditation
A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner.
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gratitude
An appreciative emotion people often experience when they benefit from others’ actions or recognize their good fortune.
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psychological disorder
A disturbance in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that causes distress or impairment.
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medical model
The concept that diseases, including psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.
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diathesis-stress model
The concept that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to influence psychological disorders.
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epigenetics
The study of molecular mechanisms by which environments influence genetic expression, without changing DNA.
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DSM-5-TR
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision.
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anxiety disorders
A group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety.
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social anxiety disorder
Intense fear and avoidance of social situations.
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generalized anxiety disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense and apprehensive.
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panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread.
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agoraphobia
Fear or avoidance of situations where one may experience panic.
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specific phobia
An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
A disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and actions.
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A disorder characterized by haunting memories and severe distress following a traumatic experience.
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trauma- and stressor-related disorders
Disorders in which exposure to a traumatic event is followed by psychological distress.
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depressive disorders
A group of disorders characterized by a sad, empty, or irritable mood.
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bipolar disorders
A group of disorders in which a person alternates between depression and a state of mania.
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major depressive disorder
A disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting at least two weeks.
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persistent depressive disorder
A disorder where people experience a depressed mood for more days than not for at least two years.
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bipolar I disorder
The most severe form of bipolar disorder, characterized by a long-lasting manic state.
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mania
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state with poor judgment.
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bipolar II disorder
A less severe form of bipolar disorder with milder hypomanic episodes.
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rumination
Compulsive fretting; overthinking problems and their causes.
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schizophrenia spectrum disorders
A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking.
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psychotic disorders
A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.
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delusion
A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, accompanying psychotic disorders.
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chronic schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia where symptoms appear by late adolescence or early adulthood.
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acute schizophrenia
A form of schizophrenia that frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event.
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dissociative disorders
A rare group of disorders characterized by disruptions in consciousness and identity.
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dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct identities.
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dissociative amnesia
A disorder in which people experience memory gaps related to trauma.
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personality disorders
A group of disorders characterized by enduring behavior patterns deviating from cultural expectations.
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antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder with a lack of conscience for wrongdoing.
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feeding and eating disorders
Disorders characterized by altered consumption of food that impairs health.
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anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and distorted body image.
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bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior.
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neurodevelopmental disorders
Abnormalities in the nervous system that start in childhood and affect behavior.
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autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder marked by limitations in communication and rigid interests.
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A disorder marked by extreme inattention and hyperactivity.
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deinstitutionalization
The process of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutions.
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psychotherapy
Treatment involving psychological techniques for overcoming difficulties.
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biomedical therapy
Prescribed medications or procedures that act on the person's physiology.
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eclectic approach
An approach to therapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
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psychoanalysis (technique)
Freud’s therapeutic technique involving free associations and interpretations.
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resistance
In psychoanalysis, blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
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interpretation
The analyst’s noting of supposed meanings of events in psychoanalysis.
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transference
The transfer of emotions linked with other relationships to the therapist.
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psychodynamic therapy
Therapy that seeks to enhance self-insight by addressing unconscious forces.
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insight therapies
Therapies that improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness.
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person-centered therapy
A humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers that emphasizes personal growth.
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active listening
Empathic listening in which the listener seeks clarification and reflects back.
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unconditional positive regard
A nonjudgmental and accepting attitude that helps clients develop self-awareness.
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behavior therapy
Therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors.
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counterconditioning
Behavior therapy procedures that evoke new responses to stimuli triggering unwanted behaviors.
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exposure therapies
Techniques that treat anxieties by exposing individuals to their fears.
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systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates relaxation with anxiety-provoking stimuli.
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virtual reality exposure therapy
A counterconditioning technique using simulations to treat anxiety.
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aversive conditioning
Associating an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.
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token economy
An operant conditioning procedure in which individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors.
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cognitive therapy
Therapy that teaches adaptive thinking patterns to improve emotional responses.
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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
A cognitive therapy that challenges illogical attitudes and assumptions.
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cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
An integrative therapy combining cognitive and behavior therapy techniques.
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group therapy
Therapy conducted with groups providing benefits from shared experiences.
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family therapy
Therapy treating individuals in the context of their family system.
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confirmation bias
The tendency to seek information that supports our preconceptions.
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meta-analysis
A statistical procedure for analyzing results of multiple studies for conclusions.
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evidence-based practice
Clinical decision making integrating the best research with clinical expertise.
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therapeutic alliance
A bond of trust and understanding between therapist and client.
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psychopharmacology
The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
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antipsychotic drugs
Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and severe thought disorders.
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antianxiety drugs
Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.
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antidepressant drugs
Drugs used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders.
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