PA-CAT

What is the likely diagnosis for a child who reports increased back pain, an uneven gait, and favoritism to the left side?

Scoliosis

Scoliosis

is the lateral bending of the vertebral column, often in the thoracic area.

kyphosis

is a curvature of the spine that produces a "humpback."

Lordosis

is having a "hollow back," or being "bent backward." Some describe it as a sway back. It may be caused by poor posture.

Spina bifida

is a defect of the vertebral column where L5 or S1 fails to develop normally, leaving a hole or dimple.

A 42-year-old man with a history of anxiety and peptic ulcer disease develops severe back pain. An analysis reveals the presence of amylase, lipase, and peptidase in his stomach. This patient's condition is caused by erosion of a peptic ulcer in what structure?

Pancreas

Pancreas

an organ located in the abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body's cells;has two main functions: an exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

peritonial cavity

s a potential space between the parietal peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal wall) and visceral peritoneum (the peritoneum that surrounds the internal organs).

peritonitis

is inflammation of the peritoneum — a silk-like membrane that lines your inner abdominal wall and covers the organs within your abdomen; can cause generalized severe abdominal pain and rebound tenderness

pleural cavity

is the potential space between the two pleurae (visceral and parietal) of the lungs. ... There are two layers; the outer pleura (parietal pleura) is attached to the chest wall and the inner pleura (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and adjoining structures, via blood vessels, bronchi and nerves; can cause chest pain

If an ulcer erodes in a blood vessel

we might see blood in the stomach or peritoneum

splenic artery

supplies the spleen with blood

left gastric artery

supplies the stomach with blood

ventricular septum of the heart

A ventricular septal defect is a common heart defect most often present at birth, but can occur in adults after surgery or a heart attack. It involves a hole in the wall between the heart's lower chambers.

A patient sustains a myocardial infarction (heart attack) that damages the ventricular septum of the heart. What effect on the heart is most likely to be seen immediately after the heart attack?

Changes in the electrical conduction of the heart

Ventricular septum

is the stout wall separating the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart, from one another; The septum contains fibers that coordinate the beating of the ventricles. These are sensitive and are damaged almost instantly in myocardial infarction. This damage can be seen via changes in the conduction of electricity through the heart.

common late complications of myocardial infarction

Damage to valves, left to right blood flow, and dramatic hypotension are common late complications of myocardial infarction, generally occurring days to weeks following the initial event. This is in contrast to electrical changes, which present near instantly.

Hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

Ventricles

a cavity of a bodily part or organ: such as. a : a chamber of the heart which receives blood from a corresponding atrium and from which blood is forced into the arteries

If a patient ingests a poison that inhibits protein synthesis, what cellular organelle(s) is/are being targeted?

Ribosomes

Ribosomes

are responsible for the production of cellular proteins through the process of translation.

Lysosomes

contain digestive enzymes and are involved in the breakdown of molecules and cellular maintenance.

Golgi apparatus

is responsible for sorting, packaging, and sending proteins throughout the cell.

plasma membrane

is a semi permeable boundary surrounding the cell.

Mitochondria

are the energy-producing organelles within the cell. Mitochondria produce energy

in the form of ATP via aerobic respiration in humans.

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose (simple sugars)

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis;any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.

An enzyme that cleaves(split) disaccharides

Sucrose

Disaccharide made of 2 different monomers.

Sucrose; (glucose&fructose)

Maltose

Disaccharide(glucose + glucose)

Fructose

(a monosaccharide) and starch (a polysaccharide)

Red blood cell in DNA testing

Typically, a blood sample would contain all cellular components (lymphocytes, RBCs, and platelets) from which DNA can be extracted, but RBCs specifically do not contain nuclei or any organelles (to make room for packaging hemoglobin).

Sites where DNA can be extracted

Beetle leaf extract and onion peel, both plant sources, and semen sample (human source) would all contain DNA, as they contain nuclei and organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts), which house various amounts of DNA.

What process occurs during the increase in water solubility of a compound containing functional groups with carboxylic acids as they undergo ionization?

Formation of salts

One way in which carboxylic acids increase the water solubility of a compound

is through reaction with a strong base to form salts (carboxylate anion salts);Salt formation can increase the water solubility of a compound due to the attraction of the area of the partial positive charge within the compound to the partial negative of water (area surrounding oxygen).

Reducing water Solubility

Elongation of hydrocarbons, grouping of aromatic rings, and standardization of charge (reduction of polarity) serve to reduce water solubility.

The acetylation of 0.205 mol of p-aminophenol by acetic anhydride produced acetaminophen and acetic acid. A side reaction resulting from moisture in the reaction vessel hydrolyzed an unknown amount of acetic anhydride before the reaction was complete. After purification, only 29.47 g of acetaminophen was isolated. If 13.35 g of acetic acid was recovered from the products, how much acetic anhydride was consumed in the acetylation reaction and how much underwent hydrolysis?

Acetylation - 19.91 g and Hydrolysis - 1.39 g

What generally results from a point mutation, deletion, or insertion in the promoter region of a proto-oncogene?

Increased transcription of protein product

A point mutation, deletion, or insertion in the promoter region of a proto-oncogene is an activation mechanism that generally causes

Increased Transcription

Stimulation of cell mitosis

is an example of a general process involving proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes.

Transduction of continuous cell growth signals

relates to a mutation within an oncogene rather than a mutation to the promoter region; specifically, this refers to the mutated ras oncogene, which causes a protein to remain in an active state and transduces continuous cell growth signals.

Uncontrolled stimulation of kinase signaling pathway

similarly relates to a mutation within an oncogene rather than a mutation to the promoter region; specifically, this refers to the mutated braf oncogene, which encodes for a protein with a modified kinase domain

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituary gland

endocrine system, most important gland, regualtes growth and other glands

Which hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the pituitary gland would you expect to be effective in improving social interactions in children with autism?

Oxytocin

Oxytocin

is involved in bonding and trust; low levels of this hormone are correlated with autism in children.

Human growth hormone

is involved with physical development of children.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

activates production of thyroid hormones.

Vasopressin

hehelps regulate water and electrolyte homeostasis. and therefore also helps to regulate blood pressure

Genome

a genome is all genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA. The genome includes both the genes and the noncoding DNA, as well as mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA.

An 8-month-old boy who has never been vaccinated presents with a 3-day history of fever and watery non-bloody diarrhea. On physical examination, he appears dehydrated. What is the genome of the most likely infecting organism?

Segmented double-stranded RNA

Rotaviruses

Single greatest cause of gastroenteritis

Double-stranded RNA viruses

Highly infectious, spreading by the fecal-oral route

Endemic around the globe; affects all age groups

Rotaviruses, like the influenza viruses that have a segmented genome

can undergo genetic reassortment

Other viruses that cause gastroenteritis

Adenovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus, and Norovirus, a non-segmented single-stranded positive-sense RNA

Single-stranded DNA

Viruses do not cause gastroenteritis

Antistreptolysin O antibody test

To help determine whether you have had a recent strep infection with the bacteria group A Streptococcus; to help diagnose complications resulting from a strep infection such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis, a form of kidney disease

EKG

(electrocardiogram) instrument used in measuring the electrical potential during a heartbeat

Streptococcus

Type of Bacteria;

Strep throat - a sore, red throat. Your tonsils may be swollen and have white spots on them.

Scarlet fever - an illness that follows strep throat. It causes a red rash on the body.

Impetigo - a skin infection

Toxic shock syndrome

Cellulitis and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)

A 13-year-old boy presents in the ED with fever, tender joints, and rapid heartbeat. His mother says he has been sick with a sore throat, which she thought was a cold; now she is concerned it may actually be the flu. Rapid strep test and flu test in the ED are both negative. The physician assistant finds a rash with pink rings and a clear center, orders an Antistreptolysin O antibody test and EKG, and gives the patient penicillin and a round of steroids. The lab test shows a high level of antibodies against Streptococcus. What is the pathogen ?

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus pyogenes

typically causes "strep throat" and would cause a positive rapid strep test. A rapid strep test looks for Group A strep, which causes beta-hemolysis or full hemolysis on blood agar after culture. Untreated strep throat can lead to rheumatic fever in children and adolescents, caused by the immune system's response from an earlier strep throat or scarlet fever infection; it is thought to be caused by a generalized inflammatory response.

Escherichia coli

is a Gram-negative rod that does not typically cause pharyngitis. E. coli can grow on blood agar as a smooth round gray-white colony. Some strains are beta-hemolytic, or they show no hemolysis at all.

Staphylococcus aureus

is a Gram-positive coccus seen in clusters that does not typically cause pharyngitis. On a culture, this organism grows as a medium-sized round creamy yellow colony and shows beta-hemolysis.

Streptococcus viridans

is an alpha-hemolytic (green incomplete hemolysis) Gram-positive coccus seen in chains. Streptococcus viridans is part of the normal flora of a human mouth. On blood agar, it grows in small grayish alpha-hemolytic colonies.

Pharangitis

inflammation of the throat

EAS Temperament Model

uses 3 dimensions of temperament: emotionality, activity, and sociability. Affection is not one of the 3 dimensions. The boy's relaxed and non-interested demeanor is part of the emotionality dimension, which measures the intensity of emotional reactions. Activity measures a person's energy level and sociability measures a person's ability to affiliate and interact with others.

A young boy being observed at his daycare. The observer noted that he was quite relaxed and not very interested in his surroundings.According to the EAS Temperament Model, how would the child have scored?

Low on emotionality

Gestalt Principles

ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete;The classic principles of the gestalt theory of visual perception include similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order

Closure

is when we tend to see complete figures even when part of the information is missing. In this case, the square image in white is not really there, but rather, formed by the missing pieces of the surrounding circles.

Similarity

is when things that share visual characteristics—such as shape, size, color, texture, or value—are seen as belonging together.

Continuity

is when the edge of one shape continues into space and meets with other shapes or the edges of the picture plane; the viewer will follow the established pattern

camoflauge

Is when the figure blends into the background, making the image visually disruptive.

Which statement applies to the elongation stage of transcription?

RNA polymerase builds an RNA molecule, making a chain.

Elongation stage of transcription

During the elongation stage of transcription, the RNA polymerase decodes the template strand, building an RNA molecule, creating a chain.

Initiation stage of transcription

Transcription RNA polymerase is bound to a sequence of DNA referred to as the promoter. Once bound, the polymerase separates the DNA strands, creating the template strand.

Termination Stage of transcription

Sequences called terminators signal completion of the RNA transcript. This causes the transcript to be released from the RNA.

A couple expecting a child have different blood types; the mother is AO and the father is BO. Which blood type in the infant would be an example of codominance?

AB

dominant trait

A genetic trait is considered dominant if it is expressed in a person who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait.

allele (trait)

At trait is a characteristic that is given to an offspring from its parent.

An allele is what carries that trait

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

standard deviation

A standard deviation is the square root of a variance, so the variance must be calculated first.

Variance is the squared difference from the mean (average).

Researchers often wish to reduce their sample size to save money in conducting studies. What factor might make a study's sample size smaller?

Reduce the nonresponse rate and stratify the population.

Stratifying

the population reduces variation within groups, allowing a smaller sample size to adequately represent a population.

Measuring central tendency and dispersion

would not affect the sample size. This is synonymous with analyzing mean and standard deviation, so these calculations would not affect the experimental setup. Similar to the case of central tendency and dispersion, our method of analysis would not affect our experimental design.

Reducing statistical power

would allow us to reduce our sample size, but using chi-squared models for analysis would not.

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

inferential statistics rather than descriptive statistics

is another mode of analysis, and would not achieve the desired reduction in sample size.