equine breeding

Horse

it has been more important in the past than today.

3000 BC

It is accepted that the horse was domesticated in __

Horse Breeding

it is crucial for improving the genetic quality of horses, ensuring desired traits are passed down to future generations, and maintaining the health and viability of specific breeds.

Breeding

it allows for the selective enhancement of characteristics like speed, temperament, conformation, and specific skills, making __ a key element in both the horse industry and the relationship between humans and horses.

Agriculture, Transportation, Army

horses have been widely used in __

World War II

in the armies, horses were extensively used until __

Sport and Recreation

nowadays, horse breeding is mostly undertaken for __

breeding consideration:

Appearance
Pedigree
Genetic Abnormalities
Disposition
Conformation
Athletic Ability
Age
Breed
Status
Breeding Records
Athletic Use
Health
Nutrition

10-24 months

onset of sexual maturity

2-4 days

life span of sperm in female tract

1-2 days

survival time with fertilizing capacity

20-100ml

semen volume/ejaculate

Yearling (1-2yrs)

sperm production begins as

4yrs

maturity at __

Emission

release of semen; pulsatile contractions

Ejaculation

expulsion of fluid

Blood, Oxygen, Nutrients

direct attachment of placenta

Season, Testicular Size, Age, Frequency of Ejaculation, Behavior

sperm output and production is influenced by

Seasonal Influences

number of sperm depends on __

Vulva, Vagina, Cervix, Uterus, Oviducts, Ovaries

mare anatomy

21 days

estrous cycle length

Anestrus

the resting period between diestrus and the next heat cycle

Diestrus

begins when the female no longer shows signs of estrus, such as standing to be mounted

Estrous

the period in the sexual cycle of female mammals; they are in heat

15 to 24 months

seasonably polyestrous starts at

21 to 22 days

seasonably polyestrous lasts at

January/February to June

regular season

February/March and September/October

transition phase

Fertilization

occurs in oviduct

5 to 6 days

uterine horn

15 to 18 days

implementation period

335 days

gestation period

Abortion

fetal loss <300 days gestation

Still Birth

fetal loss >300 days gestation

Increasing Photoperiod

reproductive activity in spring is stimulated by an __

Pineal Gland and Hypothalamus

alteration of hormone secretion by the__

14 to 16 days

diestrus lasts at

Anterior Pituitary

follicular growth

Pituitary

maturation of follicle and ovulation

Estrogen

follicle secrete __

Corpus luteum

secretion of progesterone

Progesterone

responsible for keeping the mare out of heat and for maintaining pregnancy

Elevated Tail Raise and Winking

most signs of estrous

Leaning, Squatting, Standing Still, Urinating

other supporting signs of estrous

Pasture Breeding, Hand Breeding, Artificial Insemination

breeding methods

Fresh, Cooled, Frozen

we can use these type of semen when performing AI

Live Cover, Pasture, Artificial Insemination, Embryo Transfer, Surgical Implantation, Implantation, Flushing

mating methods

Live Cover

horses held

Pasture

best conception rate

Artificial Insemination

not all registries; safest for mare and foal

Rectal Palpation, Ultrasound, Blood Work

pregnancy diagnosis

Rectal Palpation

late in first semester

Ultrasound

14 days gestation
22 days heartbeat

Blood Work

pregnancy diagnosis
pregnancy support

Routine Dental and Hoof Care
Nutrition
Parasite Control
Vaccinations

pregnant mare care

Equus tarpan
Equus przewalski
Equus robustus

the origin of the horse Domestication of the horse

Foal Production
Racing Performance
Meat Production

utilization of the horses

Race Performance

it is a quantitative character influenced by genetic and environmental factors

Genotype
Body Structure
Environment

factors affecting racing performance

sources of information for aging

Maxillary arcade and Mandibular Arcade
Milk (deciduous, temporary) and permanent incisors
Cups
Enamel spot
Dental star (yellowish-colored spot)
Hook
Galvayne's groove
Shape of the incisors (round, triangular, rectangular)

0 to 2-5 years

eruption milk incisors, and cup disappearing in the milk incisors

2.5 to 5 years

milk incisors shedding and eruption permanent incisors

5 to 8 years

cup disappearing in the permanent incisors in the bottom jaw

more than 8 years

cup disappearing in the permanent incisors in the top jaw. In addition, utilization from enamel spot, dental star, hook, Galvayne's Groove and shape of the incisors