Homeostasis

The one word that sums up the ultimate function of the brain is…

homeostasis

Eating bunch of very salty chips would most likely result in…

osmotic thirst

Why is it a good idea to rehydrate with a slightly salty solution after a period of heavy sweating?

Sweating causes the loss of bodily fluids AND electrolytes like sodium.

Humans are an ___ species. 

endothermic 

Most homeostatic systems work on a ___ feedback system.

negative

The body uses a combination of ___ signals to detect changes in the body and ___ signals to respond to those changes. 

afferent; efferent

Gut neurons communicate information about the regulation of saltiness of fluid within the stomach and intestine via the ___ ___.

vagus nerve

If there is a high amount of sodium in the extracellular space…

fluid will be pulled out of the cell.

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would disrupt which of the following behaviors in rats?

• feeding (leading to weight loss)

• sleep

• stress response

• autonomic thermoregulation

• all of the above

The intestinal hormones, ___ and ___, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.

PYY_3-36; GLP-1

Disrupting ___ production would interfere with the changing of glucose to glycogen.

insulin

Which of the following hormones are produced in the gut?

• PYY

• CCK

• Ghrelin

• all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship?

Gut bacteria allows humans to digest food

When Amanda's body temperature rises above a set point, her body detects this increase and triggers responses such as sweating and vasodilation to lower the temperature back to the set point. Which mechanism does this describe?

Negative feedback

In "Jurassic Park", the dinosaurs escape when the electric fences fail. This disaster could be compared to a failure in what aspect of homeostasis?

Feedback mechanisms

Aquaman, the superhero known for his ability to survive underwater, has to maintain a balance of water in his body. Which two major compartments is this water balanced between?

The ICF and ECF

Ironman needs to adjust his suit's power source to mimic the human body's basal metabolism. What is basal metabolism primarily responsible for?

Maintaining life-sustaining functions of the body

In the world of Panem, President Snow has a control center similar to which part of the human brain that coordinates hunger?

The hypothalamus

Which of the following are examples of homeostatic processes?

• body temperature regulation

• hydration/thirst

• respiration/breathing

• all of the above

In humans, a body temperature below ___ degrees F or above ___ degrees F is generally considered cause for significant concern. 

95; 106

Reductions in extracellular fluid volume are monitored by receptors in the ___.

vascular system

___ amino acids can't be manufactured by the human body.

Essential

Why does eating more slowly make you feel fuller?

Increased CCK production.

Adult humans get an estimated 10-15% of their daily energy from what?

Bacteria in the gut microbiome producing SCFAs

___ maintains a stable internal environment by responding to immediate physiological needs, while ___ anticipates and adjusts to potential challenges or stressors.

Homeostasis; allostasis

Hermione is brewing a potion that requires a balance of water similar to the human body. She needs to create a solution that is isotonic to the body's cells. What should be the salt concentration of her potion?

0.9%

Which organ in Claire Dane's body releases insulin when her blood glucose levels are too high, and glucagon when her blood glucose levels are too low?

Pancreas

According to the textbook, which of the following is FALSE about the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)?

The VMH acts as a hunger center

Baroreceptors are found in the organs of the  ___.

• cardiac system

• peripheral nervous system

• autonomic nervous system

• all of the above

As a general rule, brain damage can occur in as few as ___  without oxygen.

3 minutes

In addition to temperature detection, some TRP receptors can also detect what?

Spicy heat from peppers

These types of neurons monitor the concentration of the extracellular fluid.

Osmosensory

Damage to the ___ would affect ___ responses to temperature in endotherms.

preoptic area; physiological

A child born via cesarean section would likely have ___ bacteria in their gut microbiome than a child born via vaginal delivery.

different

The brain uses ___ for energy, and it can do so without the aid of ___.

glucose; insulin

A kid getting “goosebumps” in a cold classroom is an example of which response to temperature regulation?

Physiological response

Putting on more clothing when chilly is an example of which response to temperature regulation?

Behavioral

Damaging the LH disrupts ___ responses.

Behavioral