Studied by 7 people
What does reproductive health encompass?
It is the total well-being in all aspects of reproduction including physical, emotional, behavioral, and social.
What year did India initiate its family planning program?
The family planning program was initiated in 1951.
What are the problems and strategies of reproductive health?
1) India was amongst first countries to initiate action plans and programmes at national level to attain total reproductive health.
2) "Family planning programme's" were initiated in 1951. "Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) is introduced to create awareness about various reproduction related aspects and to build reproductively healthy society.
3) Mass medias, NGO'S are helping to create awareness.
4) Proper information about reproductive organs, adolescence and related changes, safe and hygienic sexual pratices, sexually transmitted diseases, (STD) would help adolescents. Education of fertile couples about birth control measures, care of pregnant mothers, post natal care of mother & child, importance of breast feeding equal opportunities to male and female child will help to build healthy society.
What is amniocentesis, and how is it misused?
Amniocentesis is a technique to study chromosomes of a fetus to determine genetic disorders, often misused for sex determination, leading to female feticides.
What was the world population in 1900 and its growth by 2000?
The world population was 2 billion in 1900 and rocketed to about 6 billion by 2000.
What are some causes of population explosion?
Rapid decline in death rates, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate and also increase in the number of people of reproductive age, and high birth rates.
What strategies can help control population growth?
To overcome the population growth, people should be motivated to have smaller families by using contraceptive method. Statutory raising of marriageable age of female to 18 years and that of males to 21 years and incentives given to couples and small families are also measures to overcome.
What are natural methods of contraception?
Methods like periodic abstinence, coitus interruptus or withdrawal , and lactational amenorrhea that do not use devices or medicine.
Explain the different natural methods of birth control?
Natural methods-
Avoid union of sperm and ovum.
a) Periodic abstinence - In this method, couples abstain from coitus from day 14 to 17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected. This period is called Fertile period as chances of fertilisation is high.
fertile period as chances of fertilisation are very high during this period.
b) Coitus interruptus or withdrawal-
the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
c) Lactational amenorrhea - (absence of menstruation)
During the period of intense lactation following parturition, the ovulation and menstrual cycle does not occur. As long as the mother breastfeeds the child fully. the chances of conception are almost nil. However it is effective upto a maximum period of six months, after parturition.
How do condoms act as a barrier method?
Condoms are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath, which are used to cover penis in males or vagina and cervix in female, just before coitus. This prevents entry of semen into the vagina & also conception. preventing the entry of semen and protecting against STDs and AIDs
Write a short note on diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults.
Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults:- are barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. They block the entry of sperms & thus prevent conception. They are reusable.
What are IUDs?
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are widely accepted contraceptives that help delay pregnancy and space children.
IUD's increase phagocytosis of sperms in uterus. The released cu ions, supress sperm motility as well as fertilising capacity of sperms.
The hormone releasing IUD's make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.
IUD's are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
Describe the different IUDs.
IUD's are available as non-medicated IUD's [eg Lippes loop] copper releasing IUD's (CUT, Cu7 & Multiload - 375), hormone releasing IUD's (LNG - 20 & Progestasert)
What defines a contraceptive pill?
It Contain small doses of either progestogens or progestogen estrogen combinations. They are used in form of tablets/pills by females. They inhibit ovulation and implantation. Also alter the quality of cervix mucus to prevent conception.
Short note on contraceptive pills
Contains small doses of either progestogens or progestogen estrogen combinations used to inhibit ovulation and implantation. Pills may be taken daily for a period of 21 days, starting preferably within first 5 days of menstrual cycle. After a gap of 7 days (during menstruation) it has to be repeated eg Mala - D.
Saheli is new, weekly oral contraceptive pill for female developed by Central Drug & Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow.
It contains non- steroidal preparation with few side effects and high contraceptive value.
Short note on implants/injectables.
Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can be used by females as injections or implants under the skin. Their mode of action is similar to that of pills but their effective periods are much longer.
Administration of progestogens or progestogen estrogen combinations or IUD's within 72 hrs of coitus is very effective as emergency contraceptives as they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or unprotected sexual intercourse.
What is Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)?
MTP is the voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term, legal in India since 1971 under strict conditions. (Induced abortion)
When are MTPs safer
MTP are relatively safe during the first trimester (upto 12 weeks) of pregnancy. It is riskier in second trimester.
Conditions for MTP
MTP is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual, unprotected intercourse or failure of contraceptive or rapes. MTP is also essential in certain cases where continuation of pregnancy can be harmful or fatal to mother or to foetus or both.
What is infertility?
Infertility is the inability of a couple to conceive despite unprotected sexual intercourse.
What is IVF?
IVF stands for In Vitro Fertilization, where fertilization occurs outside the body in conditions almost similar as that in the body (test tube baby), followed by embryo transfer.
IVF process
The ova from wife or donor (female) and sperms from husband or donor (male) are collected and fertilised to form Zygote under simulated conditions in laboratory.
The Zygote or embryos (upto 8 blastomeres) are transferred into fallopian tube (ZIFT Zygote intra fallopian transfer) and embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus (IUT Intra Uterine transfer) to complete their further development.
Embryos formed by in-vivo fertilisation (fertilisation within) can be used for such transfer to help females who cannot conceive.
ZIFT
Zygote Intra-Fallopian Transfer
What is ICSI?
ICSI stands for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, a specialized form of IVF where a sperm is injected directly into an ovum to facilitate fertilization.
What are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)?
STDs are infections transmitted through sexual intercourse, They are also known as Venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI) including gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS.
Gamete Intra- Fallopian Transfer [GIFT]
Transfer of ovum collected from a donor into fallopain tube of another female, who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable enviroment for fertilisation and further development.
Symptoms of STDs
Itching, fluid discharge slight pain, swelling in genital reglon. Complications include pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID), abortions, still births, ectopic pregnacies, infertitity, cancer of reproductive tract.
IUT
Intra-uterine transfer
IUI
Intra-Uterine Insemination
Intra-uterine insemination
Semen collected from husband or healthy donor is artificial introduced in the vagina or uterus of female
Part of AI
How can sexually transmitted diseases be prevented?
Avoid sex with unknown partners, always use condoms, and seek early detection and treatment.
What are the surgical methods of contraception?
Methods like vasectomy for males and tubectomy for females that block gamete transport to prevent conception.
What are some advantages of barrier methods like diaphragms and cervical caps?
They are reusable, provide a non-hormonal method of contraception, and can be combined with spermicide for effectiveness.
What is the significance of raising the marriageable age?
Raising the marriageable age helps in controlling population growth by delaying childbirth.
What is 'Saheli'?
Saheli is a weekly oral contraceptive pill for women developed with fewer side effects and high contraceptive value.
Why is natural birth control seen as ineffective at times?
Natural methods have higher chances of failure compared to other contraceptive methods Because no devices or medicines are used, but there are no other side effects.
What method involves transferring an ovum from one female to another?
Gamete Intra-Fallopian Transfer (GIFT) involves transferring an ovum into another female's fallopian tube for fertilization.
How do barrier methods contribute to population control?
They prevent conception by obstructing sperm from reaching the egg during sexual intercourse.
What is the function of the hormone-releasing IUD?
It makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation and creates a hostile environment for sperm.
What is the primary goal of the family planning program initiated in India?
To create a reproductively healthy society through awareness and the implementation of contraceptive measures.
Why are a large number of couple infertile?
This could be due to many reasons - physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological or physiological.
AI
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination
In this technique, the semen collected either from husband or a healthy donor artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus [IUI intra uterine insemination] of the female.
After consultation or infertility, a couple was advised for artificial insemination. Why?
This technique is used when male partner is unable to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates.
How can education contribute to reproductive health?
Education can raise awareness about reproductive rights, safe practices, and the importance of regular health check-ups.
What is the significance of access to contraception in reproductive health?
Access to contraception allows individuals to plan their families, avoid unintended pregnancies, and improve overall reproductive health.
What strategies can be implemented to reduce teen pregnancies?
Strategies include comprehensive sex education, access to contraceptives, and parental guidance.
What is reproductive health?
Reproductive health refers to a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system.
What is contraception?
Contraception is the deliberate use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy.
What are the two main types of contraceptives?
The two main types of contraceptives are hormonal and barrier methods.
What is the purpose of family planning?
Family planning aims to control the number and spacing of children to enhance the health and well-being of families.
What is the age of consent in India?
The age of consent in India is 18 years, which is the legal age for marriage and sexual consent.
What are common sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
What does the term 'sexual health' encompass?
Sexual health includes the physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being related to sexuality.
How can reproductive health services impact women's health?
Reproductive health services can reduce maternal mortality, improve family planning, and enhance overall health quality for women.
What role does education play in reproductive health?
Education promotes awareness about reproductive rights and safe practices, leading to better health outcomes.
What is the significance of prenatal care?
Prenatal care is essential for monitoring the health of both the mother and fetus, ensuring healthier pregnancies.
Delay pregnancy without any medicines or devices.
Natural methods of contraception
Wife unable to produce ovum but suitable for fertilisation
GIFT ( gamete intra fallopian transfer)
IUDs examples
Lippes loop (non medicated) , CuT, Cu7, multiload 375 (copper releasing), progestasert, LNG20 (hormone releasing)
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