Emma-ified Expanded Knowt Set: Anatomy Exam Review

Flashcards covering anatomy/physiology concepts from the lecture notes.

What is anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of structure — what things look like.

What is physiology?

Physiology is the study of function — what things do.

How are anatomy and physiology related?

The structure (anatomy) determines the function (physiology).

What are the levels of body organization in order?

Atoms → Molecules → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

The integumentary system is…

The integumentary system is the skin shield — it protects the body.

The skeletal system is…

The skeletal system is support — it provides structure to the body.

The muscular system is…

The muscular system is for movement.

The nervous system is…

The nervous system is the fast signal system of the body.

The endocrine system is…

The endocrine system is the slow hormonal control system.

The cardiovascular system is…

The cardiovascular system is for blood transport.

The lymphatic/immune system is…

The lymphatic/immune system is defense against disease.

The respiratory system is…

The respiratory system is for oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release.

The digestive system is…

The digestive system is for breaking down food into nutrients.

The urinary system is…

The urinary system filters blood and removes waste.

The reproductive system is…

The reproductive system is for producing offspring.

What are the 8 necessary life functions?

Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.

Homeostasis is…

Homeostasis is the body’s way of maintaining balance and stability.

What is negative feedback?

Negative feedback restores the body to normal, e.g., sweating when hot.

What is positive feedback?

Positive feedback amplifies a process, e.g., labor contractions or blood clotting.

The anatomical position is…

The anatomical position is standing tall, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs out.

Superior means…

Above or towards the head.

Inferior means…

Below or towards the feet.

Anterior means…

The front of the body.

Posterior means…

The back of the body.

Medial means…

Closer to the midline of the body.

Lateral means…

Farther away from the midline of the body.

Proximal means…

Closer to the point of attachment.

Distal means…

Farther from the point of attachment.

Superficial means…

Closer to the body surface.

Deep means…

Farther away from the body surface.

The frontal plane is…

Divides the body into front and back parts.

The transverse plane is…

Divides the body into top and bottom parts.

The sagittal plane is…

Divides the body into left and right parts.

The dorsal cavity contains…

The dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

The ventral cavity contains…

The ventral cavity contains the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

The parietal layer of a serous membrane is…

The parietal layer lines the wall of the cavity.

The visceral layer of a serous membrane is…

The visceral layer covers the organ directly.

Inorganic compounds are…

Inorganic compounds are water, salts, acids, and bases.

Organic compounds are…

Organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The 5 important properties of water are…

High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, reactive, and cushioning.

Salts are important because…

Salts dissociate into electrolytes, vital for nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

Acids are…

Acids are proton donors (release H+).

Bases are…

Bases are proton acceptors (release OH-).

Carbohydrates are…

Carbohydrates are sugars and starches: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides. They provide quick energy and structure.

Lipids are…

Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. They provide energy storage, insulation, and hormones.

Proteins are…

Proteins are made of amino acids. They function in structure, enzymes, hemoglobin, and muscle contraction.

Molecular chaperones are…

Molecular chaperones help proteins fold correctly and assist in transport and repair.

Enzymes are…

Enzymes are catalysts that speed reactions by lowering activation energy.

DNA is…

DNA is located in the nucleus, has deoxyribose sugar, bases A-T-G-C, and a double helix structure.

RNA is…

RNA is located in the cytoplasm, has ribose sugar, bases A-U-G-C, and a single strand structure.

ATP is…

ATP is the main energy currency of the cell, releasing energy when phosphate bonds are broken.

The plasma membrane is…

The plasma membrane is the outer boundary of the cell that controls entry and exit.

The cytoplasm is…

The cytoplasm is the fluid inside the cell containing organelles.

The nucleus is…

The nucleus is the control center containing DNA.

Integral proteins are…

Integral proteins span the membrane and function as transporters or receptors.

Peripheral proteins are…

Peripheral proteins are loosely attached and act as enzymes or support.

Tight junctions are…

Tight junctions are seals that prevent leakage between cells.

Desmosomes are…

Desmosomes are anchoring junctions that hold cells together.

Gap junctions are…

Gap junctions are communication tunnels between cells.

Passive transport is…

Passive transport is movement without ATP, such as diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

Active transport is…

Active transport requires ATP, such as pumps and vesicle transport.

RBCs in an isotonic solution…

RBCs in an isotonic solution remain unchanged.

RBCs in a hypertonic solution…

RBCs in a hypertonic solution shrink (crenate).

RBCs in a hypotonic solution…

RBCs in a hypotonic solution swell and may burst (lyse).

Resting membrane potential is maintained by…

Resting potential is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump keeping the inside of the cell negative.

Mitochondria are…

Mitochondria are the powerhouses that produce ATP.

Ribosomes are…

Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis.

Rough ER is…

Rough ER is the protein factory with ribosomes attached.

Smooth ER is…

Smooth ER makes lipids and detoxifies cells.

The Golgi apparatus is…

The Golgi packages and ships proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes are…

Lysosomes are digestive organelles that break down waste.

Peroxisomes are…

Peroxisomes detoxify harmful substances.

The cytoskeleton is…

The cytoskeleton provides support and movement for the cell.

Centrioles are…

Centrioles are involved in cell division.

The nuclear envelope is…

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

The nucleolus is…

The nucleolus makes ribosome parts.

Chromatin is…

Chromatin is DNA plus proteins inside the nucleus.

Interphase is…

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle with G1, S, and G2 phases.

Mitosis is…

Mitosis is cell division with stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Cytokinesis is…

Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm after mitosis.

Transcription is…

Transcription is DNA to mRNA in the nucleus.

Translation is…

Translation is mRNA to protein at the ribosome with help from tRNA and rRNA.