Written Conventions

Spelling

Correct arrangement of letters in words.

Punctuation

Marks used to clarify meaning (e.g. commas, full stops)

Grammar

System and structure of a language, including syntax and word forms

Sentence Structure

The arrangement of words in sentences (simple, compound, complex)

Paragraphing

Organising ideas into distinct blocks for clarity and flow

Tense

The time an action occurs (past, present, future)

Pronouns

Words that replace nouns (he, she, they, it, etc.)

Tone

The writer's attitude or mood conveyed through language

Register

The level of formality or informality in writing

Voice (Active/Passive)

Whether the subject performs or receives the action

Point of View

The perspective from which the text is written (first, second, third person)

Direct/Indirect Speech

Quoting speech directly or paraphrasing it

Modality

Use of words that express certainty, possibility, or obligation

Figurative Language

Language that uses figures of speech (similes, metaphors, etc.)

Emotive Language

Words chosen to provoke emotion in the reader

Rhetorical Questions

Questions posed for effect, not requiring an answer

Allusion

A reference to another text, event, or figure

Imagery

Descriptive language that appeals to the senses

Repetition

Repeating words or phrases for emphasis or effect

Juxtaposition

Placing contrasting ideas close together for effect

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences

Nominalisation

Turning verbs or adjectives into nouns to sound more formal

Cohesion

How well a text links together through connectives and logic

Coherence

How clearly the ideas are organised and make sense as a whole