AP Hug - Chapter 10 Vocab

non-government organizations (NGOs)

international organizations that operate outside of the formal political arena but that are nevertheless influential in spearheading international initiatives on social, economic, and environmental issues

high-technology corridors

Areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research development and sale of high technology products

informal economy

the uncounted or illegal economy that governments do not tax and keep track of

Developing

implies that all countries are improving along each indicator of development, increasing per capita GNI, increasing productivity per worker, improving access to communications, and improving literacy rates

structural adjustment loans

Loans that, to secure, countries had to agree to implement economic or governmental reforms including privatizing government entities opening my country to foreign trade reducing tariffs and encouraging foreign direct investment

exporting processing zones

Special manufacturing export zones that offer favorable tax, regulations, and trade arrangements to foreign firms; set up by countries in the global periphery and semiperiphery

Neoliberalism

A trend that derives from the neoclassical economic idea that government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable and should be resisted wherever possible

Desertification

the encroachment of desert conditions on moisture zones along the desert margins, where plant cover and soil are threatened by desication

Dollarization

The process of adopting the US dollar as a country's currency

Millennium Development Goals

the eight key development goals to combat the principal barriers to economic development

Gross national income (GNI)

calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country minus income payments from other countries around the world

vectored disease

a disease carried from one host to another by an intermediate host

microcredit program

a program run by NGOs; gives loans to poor people, particularly women, to encourage the development of small businesses

commodity chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Maquiladoras

Export processing zones in Mexico that are mainly cited directly across the border from the United States

North American Free Trade Agreement

agreement entered into by Canada Mexico and the United States to eliminate the barriers to trade in, and facilitate the crossborder movement of goods and services between the countries

Gross National Product (GNP)

a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year

per capita GNI

the most common way to standardize GNI data; dividing GNI by the population of the country

special economic zone

Export processing zones that are located near major ports of China

Human Development Index (HDI)

measures the status of life in any given place based off of life expectancy, education levels, and income per capita

Malaria

a vectored disease spread by mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite in their saliva and which kills approximately 150,000 children in the global periphery each month

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

encompasses only goods and services produced within a country during a given year

world system theory

A development theory that incorporates space and time as well as power relationships that shape the context in which development takes place

dependency theory

a major body of development theory developed by structuralists; holds that the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas

modernization model

Model of Economic Development most closely associated with the work of economist Walter Rostow; Maintains that all countries go through five interrelated stages of development which culminate in an economic state of self-sustained economic growth and high levels of mass consumption