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Hydroxyl Definition

A group containing an oxygen atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom: -OH

Carbonyl Definition

A group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O

Carboxyl Definition

A group containing a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group: -C(=O)OH or -COOH

Amino Definition

A group containing a nitrogen atom single bonded to a hydrogen atom and single bonded to another hydrogen atom: -N(-H)H or -NH2

Sulfhydryl Definition

A group containing a sulfur atom connected by a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom: -SH

Phosphate Definition

A group containing an oxygen atom single bonded to a phosphorous atom which is double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to two other oxygen atoms: PO4

Methyl Definition

A group containing a carbon atom single bonded to three separate hydrogen atoms: CH3

Hydroxyl Name

Alcohols. Specific names usually end in -ol.

Carbonyl Name

Ketones if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton. Aldehydes if the carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton.

Carboxyl Name

Carboxylic acids or organic acids.

Amino Name

Amines

Sulfhydryl Name

Thiols

Phosphate Name

Organic phosphate

Methyl Name

Methylated compounds

Hydroxyl Properties

Is polar as result of electrons being near electronegative oxygen atom. Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds.

Carbonyl Properties

Ketones and aldehydes may be structural isomers with different properties. Ketones and aldehydes are found in sugars: ketoses and aldoses.

Carboxyl Properties

Acts as an acid b/c covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is polar. Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of -1 and called a carboxylate ion.

Amino Properties

Acts as a base. Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of +1.

Sulfhydryl Properties

Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This cross-linking helps stabilize protein structure.

Phosphate Properties

Contributes a negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (-2 when at the end of a molecule, -1 when located internally in a chain of phosphates). Molecules containing phosphate groups may react with water, releasing energy.

Methyl Properties

Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects the expression of genes.