Cytology-microscopic eval

Neutrophils

• type of white blood cell

• Arrive first to site of inflammation and phagocytize the dead tissue and organisms

what is Inflammation

A normal physiologic response to tissue damage of invasion of microorganisms

Macrophage

• type of white blood cell

• Arrive after neutrophils and continue phagocytic activity

Monocyte

• Circulate in the bloodstream

• matured macrophage

Eosinophilic inflammation

• A type of WBC

• Present in less than 10%

• Usually found in parasitic infections but also neoplastic disorders

Lympocyte

• Type of WBC

• Produce antibodies

Basophil

Suppurative/ purulent inflammation

• Large number of neutrophils

• less than 85% of total nucleated cells

Granulomatous or pyogranulomatous inflammation

• significant number of macrophages (circled red) present

• Fungal or parasitic infections manifest this way

Karyolysis

• Rapid cell death

• swollen ragged nucleus without intact nuclear membrane

Karyorrhexis

cell fragmentation

Pyknosis

• slow cell death (aging)

• Small, condensed, dark nucleus

Neoplasia

• contains a homogenous population of a single cell type

• present cells are of the same tissue type as the tissue origin

Benign

• no criteria of malignancy

Malignant cells

• must display at least three abnormal configurations of nuclear criteria

Nuclear criteria

• Ansiolaryosis

• Pleomorphism

• high variable nucleus/cytoplasm ratio

• coarse chromatin pattern

• multinucleation

• nucleoli that very in size, shape, and number

• nuclear molding

Anisokaryisis

Any unusual variation in overall size of the nucleus

Pleomorphism

variability in size and shape of the same cell type

Nuclear molding

Deformation of nuclei by other nuclei

Epithelial cell tumors

• called carcinoma or adenocarcinoma

• Highly cellular and exfoliate in sheets or clumps

Mesenchymal cell tumors

• called sarcoma

• Less cellular, exfoliate singly or in spindles

Discrete round cell tumors

include:

• histiocytoma

• lymphoma

• mast cell tumors

• plasma cell tumors

• transmissible venereal tumors

• melanoma

Cells exfoliate well but not usually in clumps or clusters

Histiocytoma

• not usually highly cellular

Lymphoma

• deals with the lymph cells

Mast cell tumors

• cells have prominent purple/black granules

Plasms cell tumors

• large number of cells with eccentrically located nucleus and prominent perinuclear zone

Transmissible venereal tumors

• similar to histiocytoma but increased cellularity

Melanoma

• cells with prominent dark granules

Yeast under the microscope

Bigger than rods or cocci and will sometimes be grouped up so they look like a snowman

Staphylococcus (Cocci) under the microscope

Individual little balls

Strep under the microscope

• Cocci in chains