Unit 5 - Revolutions (digital text)

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What period is referred to as UNIT 5: Revolutions from c. 1750 to c. 1900?

This unit covers revolutions that occurred due to increased global trade, industrialization, and significant political and social changes.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A period starting in Great Britain that involved the increased use of machinery in producing goods, leading to skyrocketing manufacturing output.

How did the Enlightenment influence revolutions from 1750 to 1900?

The Enlightenment emphasized reason and individualism, challenging traditional authority and inspiring revolutionary ideas about government and rights.

What is a nation-state?

A political entity where a group of people sharing the same culture or language is governed by a state, distinct from the empires or kingdoms that preceded it.

Who wrote the 'Jamaica Letter' in 1800?

Simón Bolívar wrote the 'Jamaica Letter' outlining his goals for independence in Latin America.

What did the American and French Revolutions have in common?

Both were influenced by Enlightenment ideas and aimed for constitutional representation and independence from imperial powers.

What was the primary change brought about by industrialization in society?

Mass migrations of people seeking work, particularly from rural to urban areas.

Who were the philosophes?

A group of 18th-century French thinkers who explored social, political, and economic theories, including Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.

What does liberalism advocate?

Liberalism supports natural rights, constitutional government, and minimal governmental intervention in the economy.

What major event began the Haitian Revolution?

The Haitian Revolution began with a slave revolt in the French sugar colony of St. Domingue.

How did the Industrial Revolution affect social hierarchies?

New classes emerged, particularly a working class and a growing middle class, leading to shifts in social structures and power.

What role did child labor play during the Industrial Revolution?

Children worked in factories and mines under harsh conditions for low wages, often doing jobs suited to their size.

What is Karl Marx known for?

Karl Marx is known for his critique of capitalism and his theory of socialism, articulated in 'The Communist Manifesto.'

What did the term 'laissez-faire' mean in economic context?

Laissez-faire refers to an economic philosophy that advocates minimal government intervention in business affairs.

What was the primary purpose of otto von Bismarck's social reforms in Germany?

To mitigate social unrest and counter socialist movements by providing benefits to industrial workers.

What were the conditions like in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution?

Rapid urbanization led to overcrowded, unsanitary living conditions, with many families living in tenement housing.

How did the Steam Engine transform transportation?

The steam engine allowed for faster and more reliable transportation of goods and people, revolutionizing trade.

What is the significance of the Seneca Falls Conference?

The Seneca Falls Conference in 1848 marked a pivotal moment in the women's rights movement, advocating for women's suffrage.

What is nationalism?

A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a shared cultural identity and the desire for self-governance.

What was one major effect of the Industrial Revolution on women?

Women’s roles changed as many entered the workforce, often in factories, which altered traditional family dynamics.

What led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

The empire faced corruption, nationalistic movements, and failure to modernize effectively in a rapidly changing global context.

What was the significance of the Bessemer Process?

The Bessemer Process revolutionized steel production by making it faster and cheaper, laying the foundation for modern industrial society.