ESRM 201 Plant ID MT 1

angiosperm

seed enclosed in fruit

gymnosperm

seed enclosed in cones (i.e. conifers)

douglas fir

pseudotsuga menziesii

Characteristics: mouse tail bracts on cone, rough thick bark, little apex buds at top of branches, plastic needle arrangement

western hemlock

tsuga heterophylla

characteristics: “bad hair day” needle arrangement, small scaly cones, droopy branches, flad rounded needles

western red cedar

thuja plicata

characteristics: plicated=pleated in latin —> pleated, stripy bark, small rosette shaped cones, flat arranged scaly needles

sitka spruce

picea sitchensis

characteristics: spiky needles, bottle brush arrangement, sterigmata pegs left behind when needles fall, plate-like scaly bark

Engelmann spruce

picea engelmannii

chracteristics: blu-ish tint from wax, strong sturdy upward branches, bottle brush arrangement

grand fir

abies grandis

characteristics: cruciform branching with flat needle arrangement, citrusy pine scent, few needles on main branch, trunk scars that give eyeball, rounded needle with small notch

sub-alpine fir

abies lasiocarpa

characteristics: sparse spindly tree, stomatal banding on both sides, terpentine smell

pacific silver fir

abies amabilis

characteristics: rib along top of needle, cruciform and ski jumpers, scars on skinny light brown trunk, 2 bright white stomatal bands

ponderosa pine

pinus ponderosa

characteristics: long 3 fasicle needles, thick bark, sparse tree, low surface area of leaves

pacific madrone

arbutus menziesii

characteristics: evergreen, scaly bark that peels off to reveal cinnamon , ovular leaves, low apical control, berries

big leaf maple

acer macrophyllum

characteristics: huge dinner plate sized heavily lobed leaves, low apical control, ridged, moisture-rich bark is ideal for epiphytes

osoberry

oemeleria cerasiformis

characteristics: desiduous, leafs out during early spring before canopy cover inhibits PS, smells like cucumber or snap peas

red flowering currant

ribes sanguineum

Characteristics: lobed leaves, small bottle brush arranged five petal flowers, leafs out early—important pollinator, 2nd WPBR host

vine maple

acer circinatum

characteristics: branchy/shrubby, smooth greyeenish bark, low apical control, highly lobed rounder relatively medium sized leaves

dull oregon grape

mahonia nervosa

characteristics: woody petiole goes all the way down, lighter, duller leaflets, serrated leaf edges, >9 leaflets because nervous so puts on more, yellow flowers that produce berries,

shiny oregon grape

mahonia aquafolim

characteristics: waxy darker coating (shiny like water), <11 leaflets, taller

western sword fern

polystichum munitum

characteristics: polySTICH—stitching pattern on underside of fern, leaves look like swords with a hilt, seed packets

salal

gaultheria shallon

characteristics: thick egg shaped leaves, creeps along understory, evergreen, withstand many conditions, low apical dominance

salmon berry

rubus spectabalis

characteristics: 3 leaflet compound leaf, fold over top leaflet—> looks like a butterfly, serrated edges, thin, desiduous, thriny stem…early successional: nutrient poor soil, reproduces quickly because rhizomes allow for resprouting, berries (animal dispersal), not shade tolerant

thimble berry

rubus parviflorus

simple leaf, hairs—>soft, large five lobed serrated palmated leaves, no thorns, white flowers…early succession: hairs reflect light instead of comp leaves, rhizomes

Red alder

alnus rubra

characteristics: pretty smooth bark with blisters (lenticells) that act as snorkels for tree in highly saturated soil, root nodule that fix nitrogen in nutrient poor soil (early succession), orange/red pigment, white patches (lichen), simple leaves that are inruled (bowly), serrated, catkins—coney seed ones, long pollen ones

Red elderberry

sambucus racemosa

characteristics: serrated edge leaflets, 5-7 leaflets, sometimes top one is split, edible flowers, berries (animal dispersal), rhizome resprout (early succession), sunny

pacific yew

taxus brevifolia

characteristics: taxol harvested for chemo, flat needles with no stomatal banding, bright green underside, not cruciform, red berries, fleshy cones

garry oak

quercus garryana

characteristics: lobed longevity leaves—take in as much nutrients as possible, high anti-fungal investment (tannins), acorns

english ivy

hedera helix

characteristics: tri/pent-lobed, vine, invasive

himilayan blackberry

rubus armeniacus

characteristics: looks like salmonberry leaves but thorns on petiole rather than stem, leaf hairs, 3 OR 5 leaflets,

serotinous cones

sealed until high intensity fires occur and reeseeding is needed i.e. pinus contorda

early vs intermediate vs late succession

early: high sun exposure, rhizomes/regrowth techniques, plants include rubus parvifolium and spectabalis, alnus rubra

intermediate: shade tolerance increasing, leaf surface area inc

late: high canopy cover, shade tolerant af, i.e. douglas fir

soil textures

clay: thick due to compactness of small particles, more moisture=higher respiration rate

silt: inbetween

sand: grainy, large particles, good drainage—>deep rooted plants, higher rate of decomposition (higher O2 circ)

respectively 20, 40, 40 = loam

carkeek park

secondary succession zone due to mill and fishery

UBNA

restoration site form past as waste dump

Black cottonwood

Populus trichocarpa

characteristics: long petiole, longer lancelot/heart shaped leaves with serrated edges, fluffy fruit/seed poofs

sitka willow

Salix sitchensis

characteristics: bottom tapered leaves with soft, plush silvery hairs on the underside

snowberry

Symphoricarpos albus

Characteristics: opposite heterogeneous leaves, poisonous; used by tribes to knock out fish

scotch broom

Cytisus scoparius

Characteristics: non-native shrubby plant with yellow flowers, quickly repopulates after a disturbance

rhizobium

bacteria that forms nodules along roots

frankia

bacteria that forms nodule clusters on roots of non-legume plants

ecto mycorrhizal fungi

fungus that forms (protective) sheath around root tips, more specific to woody plants so high dominance in PNW

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

fungus that penetrates root cells with arbuscules, more generalized; found on 85% of plants, ancestral state—helped with plants’ aquatic to terrestrial transition

symbiosis

living together of unlike organisms, encompasses + and - interactions including: mutualism (++), neutralism(=), competition(- -), parasitism(+-), commensalism(0+), ammensalism(-0)

benefits of microbial symbiosis

improved mineral nutrition (P,N) by extending root systems, water relations (assisting transport), disease protection i.e. endophytes, extends niche and tolerance of various enviro conditions

wetlands

anywhere saturated with water either permanently or seasonally supporting species adapted to wet conditions

types: marine/coastal—rocky←better for biodiversity; estuarine—enclosed body where fresh and salt water mix, critical for salmon i.e. puget sound; riverine—paths shift overtime, lacustrine—PNW lakes due to glacial retreat, poor fed←oligotrophic low nutrients, high clarity, well fed←eutrophic nutrient rich, natural or human influence i.e. fertilizer runoff; palustrine—wetlands categorized by their vegetation types (marsh, swamp, bog, fen)

water cycle

cyclical process of water

hydrographs

display how water runs through systems i.e. storm surge ones are very important because helps to predict floods, lag time: difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge, base flow: what a river can normally hold (direct relationship with [vegetation], more veg=higher base flow

snoqualmie river

flood plain zone, plants are adapted to quick influxes of water i.e. flexible stems, seasonal surges post snow melt and storm run off

abiotic disturbances

involves non-living forces like fires, floods, droughts, etc acting on biota

biotic disturbances

caused by living organisms i.e. disease, herbivory, invasive species, etc

Disturbance regimes (categories)

intensity: strength and magnitude

severity: impact/extent of damage i.e. mortality

frequency: hoe often disturbance occurs

duration: how long a disturbance happens

spatial scale: geographic area extent of disturbance

pulse & press

pulse: like - fb, disturbance only briefly passes through system and og conditions can be returned to i.e. drought

press: like + fb, disturbance does not allow for easy return to og conditions i.e. rising global temperatures → like ice-albedo feedback

fire (common in PNW abiotic disturbance)

how does it move through system? creeping, active surface, crown

what kind of fuel? continuous along understory, ladder

how is behavior measured? by flame height and length→ability of fire to reach canopy and how much fuel is available

affected by topography, weather, and fuel

W vs E side: less frequent but higher intensity and higher fuel load, resilience; higher frequency but lower severity and fuel load because more accustomed or resistant i.e. thick bark—respectively

biotic disturbances

root, canker, foliage, twig and foliage, vascular wilts, rusts

perspectives on introductions

trad W vs indigenous: invasive=threat, more -, narrow perspective; survivors of disruption telling stories of resilience, not all outsiders are invaders—respectively

disruptions

key drivers of ecological change