ap human geography please kill me now

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1st Agricultural Revolution:

Began around 10,000 years ago with the domestication of plants and animals, allowing humans to settle.

2nd Agricultural Revolution:

1. Took place during the Industrial Revolution; improved farming tools, crop rotation, and fertilization increased yields.

5 Themes of Geography:

• Location (absolute/relative),

• Place (physical & human characteristics),

• Human-Environment Interaction,

• Movement (people, goods, ideas),

• Region (formal, functional, vernacular)

Burgess (Concentric Zone):

Cities grow outward in rings. This model, developed by sociologist E.W. Burgess, illustrates urban social structures, where each ring represents different zones of land use, from the central business district to suburban areas. This model outlines how urban areas expand outward from a central point, influenced by socioeconomic factors and land use patterns.

Hoyt (Sector):

Sectors/wedges form around transport lines. Cities develop in sectors based on transportation routes.

Harris & Ullman (Multiple Nuclei)

Cities have multiple centers. This model suggests that cities develop with several growth points or nodes, each attracting different types of activities and functions, rather than expanding from a single center.

Vance (Urban Realms):

Edge cities become independent. These suburban centers function with their own economic and social activities, often influenced by nearby metropolitan areas.

Griffin-Ford (Latin American):

CBD is spine-connected to elite housing. The urban structure of Latin American cities features a Central Business District (CBD) linked by a spine to affluent residential areas.

de Blij (Sub-Saharan Africa)

Multiple CBDs. Clusters of urban functions.

McGee (Southeast Asia):

centered on colonial port zones. The model illustrates the structure of urban areas in Southeast Asian cities, emphasizing the role of colonial ports in shaping urban growth and organization.

Acculturation

Adopting traits from another culture while keeping your own This process can involve changes in language, customs, and social practices, facilitating interaction between different cultural groups. .

Assimilation

Losing original culture to adopt another fully.This process often involves the complete integration into a dominant culture, resulting in a loss of distinct cultural identity.

Agglomeration

• Agglomeration: Businesses cluster for shared services.This process refers to the concentration of economic activities and firms in a specific area, leading to increased efficiency and reduced costs through shared resources and services.

Deglomeration

• Spreading out due to high costs or competition. This process occurs when businesses relocate away from clustered areas to reduce costs, increase competition, or improve operational efficiency.

Balkanization

• Splitting of a state into smaller, hostile units (like the Balkans).This term describes the fragmentation of a region or state into smaller, often ethnically or politically hostile units, typically leading to conflict and instability.

Bid Rent Theory

• Land cost decreases as you move away from the CBD. This economic theory explains how the price and demand for land vary with distance from the central business district (CBD), suggesting that land value decreases as one moves away from the center.

Boundary Disputes:

• Definitional: Over language/legal agreement.

• Locational: Over the placement.

• Operational: Over management/control.

• Allocational: Over resource use near boundaries.

CBD (Central Business District):

Commercial heart of a city with the highest land value. This area typically features a concentration of businesses, retail shops, and cultural activities, often serving as a focal point for transportation and commerce.

Central Place Theory (Christaller):

Cities exist in a hexagonal pattern to provide services efficiently.

Centripetal

• Unify a state (e.g., language)and promote national identity, enhancing cohesion.

Centrifugal

Divide a state (e.g., ethnic conflict). Factors that pull people apart and create divisions within a state.

Commercial Agriculture:

Farming for profit, not personal consumption. It involves the production of crops and livestock for sale in the market, utilizing economies of scale.

Conurbation

Cities growing together.

Megalopolis

Massive urban area (e.g., Bos-Wash).

15. Core-Periphery Model (Wallerstein):

• Core: Wealthy, industrial.

• Semi-Periphery: Transitional.

• Periphery: Poor, dependent.

Cultural Landscape (Carl Sauer):

How humans modify the environment to reflect culture.

Culture

• Folk: Traditional, rural.

• Popular: Global, changeable.

• Material: Physical objects.

• Nonmaterial: Beliefs, values.

18. Demographic Indicators:

• Birth rate, death rate, fertility rate, infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy rate, etc.

Demographic Transition Model

19. 5 stages showing birth/death rates & population growth

Dependency Theory

LDCs remain poor due to reliance on MDCs.

21. Diffusion Types (8 kinds):

• Relocation: Movement of people.

• Hierarchical: Spread via authority.

• Contagious: Rapid/widespread.

• Stimulus: Idea spreads, but changed.

• Expansion: General spread outward.

• Reverse hierarchical: Bottom-up.

• Maladaptive: Harmful adaptation.

• Creolization: Blending cultures.

Distance Decay:

Interaction decreases as distance increases. This phenomenon describes how the likelihood of communication or interaction decreases with increasing geographical distance between two parties.

Judaism

Monotheistic, Torah.

Christianity

• Jesus, Bible.

Islam

Muhammad, Quran.

Hinduism

Reincarnation, many gods.

GDP/GNP:

Total output.

PPP

• Adjusted for cost of living. Purchasing Power Parity

HDI

Health, education, income.

25. Economic Sectors:

• Primary: Raw materials.

• Secondary: Manufacturing.

• Tertiary: Services.

• Quaternary: Info/research.

• Quinary: Decision-makers.

26. Economic Systems:

• Free market: Capitalism.

• Mixed: Blend of public/private.

• Command: Gov’t-controlled (communism).

Edge Cities

Suburban business centers.

Enclave

Area culturally/politically distinct within another.

Exclave

Separated part of a country (e.g., Alaska).

Fair Trade:

27. Promotes equity in global trade.It provides better trading conditions for producers and encourages sustainable farming.

Folk Culture:

Traditions of small, isolated groups.

Free Trade:

No tariffs/quotas. International trade without barriers.

GMOs

Modified for better yield/resistance.

Gerrymandering

Manipulating voting districts for political gain.

GIS (Geographic Information System

Computer mapping with data layers.

Globalization

Worldwide spread of culture, products, ideas.

GPS (Global Positioning System):

Satellite-based location tracking.

Glocalization

Global products adapted to local culture.

Gravity Model:

Interaction = population/distance².

Green Revolution (3rd Ag. Rev.):

Modern tech and GMOs increased global food supply.

Heartland (Mackinder):

Control of Eurasia = power.

Rimland (Spykman):

Coastal power is key.

Industrial Revolution:

Mechanization began in the 18th century; transformed society.

Irredentism

Claiming land based on historical/ethnic ties.

Isotropic Plane:

Uniform landscape used in geographic models.

Language Families:

Groups of languages classified by shared characteristics and historical roots.

• DC (Developed Country):

A sovereign state with a high level of economic development, technological advancement, and quality of life for its citizens.

MDC (More Developed).

Countries with higher economic growth, advanced technology, and better living standards compared to developing nations.

LDC (Less Developed):

Lower indicators. Countries facing significant economic challenges, with lower income levels, limited access to education and healthcare, and inadequate infrastructure.

Linguistic Hearths:

Origin points of major language families.

Maquiladoras

Factories in Mexico near U.S. border for export.

Megacity

City with 10+ million people.

49. Morphology (Shapes of States):

The study of the shapes, layouts, and boundaries of political entities such as countries and states, which can influence governance and interaction with neighbors.

Nation

A politically organized body of people under a single government, often sharing common culture, language, or ethnicity.

New Urbanism

Walkable, mixed-use, eco-friendly urban planning.

Popular Culture

Global, mainstream, often commercialized.

Population Density:

People per area unit.

Population Growth Patterns

How fast and why populations grow.

Population Pyramids:

Graphical representation of age and sex distribution in a population.

Possibilism

Humans shape environment.

Determinism

Environment shapes humans.

Primate City:

Dominant city >2x larger than next (e.g., Paris).

Push & Pull Factors:

Reasons people leave/come (e.g., war vs. jobs).

Rank-Size Rule

City size = 1/rank of largest city.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI):

The difference between the birth rate and death rate of a population, indicating growth or decline.

Ravenstein’s Migration Laws:

Short, nearby, young male migrants are most common.

60. Religious Hearths:

• Judaism/Christianity/Islam: SW Asia.

• Hinduism/Buddhism: South Asia.

Ratzel

Organic state theory—states must grow or die.

Renfrew Hypothesis: I

Indo-European language spread with agriculture.

Rostow

Stages of Economic Growth (traditional to high mass consumption).

Scale

Relationship between map & real life.

Site

Physical characteristics.

Situation

Location relative to others.

Space-Time Compression:

Tech shrinks perceived distance.

Spatial Thinking:

Understanding space & location relationships.

Special Economic Zones

Areas with different economic rules to attract business (e.g., China).

State

Sovereign political entity with borders.

Subsistence Agriculture:

Farming for family survival.

71. Survey Patterns:

• Long lots: French, narrow strips.

• Metes & bounds: Natural landmarks.

• Township-range: Grid-based U.S. system

Sustainable Development:

Meeting needs without harming the future.

Thomas Malthus

Predicted population would outgrow food supply.

Time-Distance Decay:

Cultural influence fades with distance/time.

Tobler’s First Law:

“Everything is related, but closer things are more related.”

Topography

Physical land features (elevation, slope).

Transhumance

Seasonal movement of livestock between pastures.