ATP Synthase and ATP Yields

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28 Terms

1
What is the proton motive force?
A combination of \[H+\] concentration gradient and electrical potential difference across IMS and Matrix
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2
What does the F0 stalk of ATP Synthase do?
Acts as the motor by taking H+ via a subunit and sending it through the c ring
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3
What AA exists on the C-ring that attaches protons to it?
Asp59
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4
How many c subunits are in the c ring?
10
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5
What are the subunits of the F1 portion of ATP synthase?
hexamer of α and β subunits, with γ subunit in the middle
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6
What are the possible confirmations of the α and β subunits? Which way is the γ subunit turning in normal ATP synthesis?
Clockwise movement (O→L→T)

O: ADP + Pi bond (ATP released)

L: ADP + Pi locked

T: ATP formed
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7
How much ATP does one full turn of ATP synthase form?
3 ATP
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8
Which UCLA professor found the rotational ATP synthase model?
Paul Boyer
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9
Do you know what the reaction coordinate diagram of ATP Synthase looks like?
This
This
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10
How does ADP get to the mitrochondrial matrix?
Adenine Nucleotide Translocase transport 1 ATP into IMS and 1 ADP into matrix at the same time
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11
How does inorganic Phosphate (Pi) transported into the matrix?
Phosphate Translocase Symporter transports 1 Pi in and 1 H+ out. It can also symport 3H+ for 1 ADP.
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12
What 3 compounds form the ATP-synthasome complex?
ATP synthase, Adenine nucleotide translocase, and phosphate translocase
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13
The ETC and TCA are said to be _____ coupled
Obligately
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14
What does adding ADP + Pi do to ATP synthesis
Nothing
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15
What does adding Succinate do to ATP synthesis?
ETC activate, increasing ATP synthesis
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16
What does adding CN- do to ATP Synthesis?
ETC blocked, ATP synthe halts
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17
What uncouplers can uncouple ETC from ATP Synthesis?
2,4 DNP and FCCP
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18
What do uncouplers do?
Move H+ without the need for e-’s; destroys proton gradient
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19
What do malate and aspartate do in the malate aspartate shuttle?
Transfer e-’s
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20
How does NADH get into the mitochondrial matrix from the IMS?
The Malate-Aspartate shuttle and the G3P Shuttle
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21
What does glutarate and a-ketoglutarate do in the malate-aspartate shuttle?
Amino group donors/acceptors
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22
How much ATP does the Malate-Aspartate shuttle yield compared to the G3P Shuttle?
2\.5 ATP compared to 1.5 ATP
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23
Does the G3P shuttle need transporters?
No
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24
Why does the G3P Shuttle produce less ATP than the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle?
It bypasses Complex I (misses out on proton pumping here)
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25
What happens if no O2 is present?
Proton motive force collapses, stopping or reversing ATP synthase
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26
If ATP Synthased is reversed (clockwise), what happens to ATP?
It is depleted by ATP Synthase
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27
What genes are activated in hypoxic conditions that help with hypoxia? What do they do?
IF1 → binds ATP synthase dimers and stops reversal

HIF1 → Removes reactive Oxygen species by stopping PDH and replaced Subunit IV’s COX4-1 with COX4-2, which is better suited for low O2 concentrations
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28
What is the total ATP yield?
30-32 ATP depending on which shuttle is used to bring NADH to ETC
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