cold war combo

Dwight Eisnehower 1952

• republican

• still livng in the New Deal ideas

  • having larger government

• Military Officer

• Isn’t driven by war

  • has seen what war can do and wants to avoid it

Deterrence

Eisenhower endorses deterrence. Focsoused on ways to avoid war. He stockpiles loads and loads of nuclear weapons, if they have so many weapons then the Soviets won’t attack. The weapons he piles HAVE to be nuclear so the USSR won’t attack. The U.S. makes a weapons department to moniter the quality and quantity. And they create a Hydrogen bomb that is worse than an atom bomb. USSR also creates a hydrogen bomb in 1953.

The Space Race

Soviets put the first Stalite “Sputnik” into Space. The U.S. panics because they are behind the USSR in devlopment. So the U.S. create NASA

John F. Kennedy

• Democrat

• was in the HOR for 2 terms

• 1 term Senator

• Focsous on Foregin policy concerns

• Reminds of: Jefferson, Wilson, Truman, Winthrop

• Trying to Echo Truman and fight against the rise of Communism

Cuba Communism

Communist Fedil Castro came to power in 1959 after he kicked out Batsita. The U.S. is very scared because communisam has enterd the Western Hemisphere. Kennedy feels that he needs to overthorw Castro to get him out of power. He needed to get Castro out but make it seem like it was Cubans idea.

Bay Of Pigs Invasion 1961

The U.S. CIA set up a station in Florida because a lot of Cubans moved there to escape communisam. They tell the Cubans to go the the BOP and start shooting, they give the Cubans little to no traning. Castro flies over and shots all of the returning Cubans. Cuba becomes the new center of confrentation betwen USA and USSR. Castro stays in power and Soviets intensify.

Construction of Berlin Wall 1961

Kroshev knows that people want to leave and his communist ides suck. His soloution is to build a wall around West Berlin that prohibits people from east to enter it. The wall goes up fast but they first put up barbed wire. As the wall went up people wonderd if Kennedy would do anything but he didn’t. “A wall is better than a war”. Kroshev putting up the wall shows that he can understand boundaries.

Problems in Germany

Kennedy thinks that everything is ok but then hears that weird thing are happening in Germany. Germany was divided in West and East. West Germany is inhabiting the Western ideals while Eastern basically has no freedom. Berlin is in East Germany.

Cuban Mistle Crisis October 1962

USSR places nuclear weapons on Cuba. The U.S. is scared theyre trying to look defensive while avoiding war. Kennedy admistration makes blockade and say if USSR keeps sending weapons to Cuba then they have to respond. K-admistration tells U.S. citizens to prepare themselves for nuclear war. The Soviets shoot down a U.S. spy plane. Kroshev is willing to take the mistles off of Cuba and Kennedy takes his mistles off of Greece and Germany.

Nuclear Ban Treaty 1963

Bans testing of Nuclear Weapons but doesn’t ban the devlopment or having them. Allows for testing underground not in air land or water. Both sides use testing as an intmidation tactic.

Lyndon Johnson

• Democrat

• Very insecure about his masculinity

• Lots of ambition

• Creates the Great Society: ends Jim Crowe, trys to end sexism, improves education

• Hero of the democratic party

• aligns himself with Kennedy and uses him as a modle

Vietnam Background

Fight independence war in France lead by Ho Chi Min. Right after they gain their indepenence Veitnam has a civil war, and U.S. provides aid to the anti-communists movemnets

Goldwater and Johnson

Goldwater has lots of crituqes on Johnson. Belive that Johnson is trying to negotiate with communists. Says Johnson is weak and tired. this makes Johnson tighten up on communism

Gulf of Tonkin incident August 1964

2 U.S. ships in the gulf of Tonkin were attacked (Johnson says) unprompted. Johnson wants to act agresivly which helps him against Goldwater. Revaled in the 70’s that Johnson launched an attack against Vietnam before they attacked the 2 ships. Johnson wants to launch a 6-week bombing campagin in Vietnam

Opperation Rolling Thunder

Use of Napalm Bombs which are hard to remove with water. U.S. tries to target the Military bases but they hit civilans aswell. U.S. is trying to clear out all of the forest and jungles in Vietnam, hoping to expose the North Veitnmese.

Agent Orange

was an Herbicide that was very cercegenic. It was meant to kill all of the vegitation. But it also affected the American military, caused Cancer and hurt limbs.

North Vietnamese Tacits

They used 2 militarys in the War. The normal Army and The Viet Cong

Viet Cong

Inspired by Chainman Mao. A group of common everyday indivudals that support communisam. They recurited in villages they recurited old people, women and children. Created a blurry line for the U.S. militray to see the difference between Civilan and army.

War sprials for Johnson

He only wanted this to happen for 6 weeks but it’s exceeding it. He thought that throughout that there would be no concequences for the Americans. He sent in ground troops to Vietnam. He diluted Americans saying that USA was technically superior to Vietnam meaning that they would win no matter what.

Search and Destroy

The U.S. military goes into villages and rounds up the people that live in the Vietnam villages. They interagatted every person that lived there with the help of South Vietnam. They take people from The Veit Cong and put them into prisioner of war camps. They then sent the civilans to refuge camps so that the military could search the villages for weapons. After the searched the villages they would destry them so that no one from the VC could come back. But the VC set up booby traps for the USA.

The Home Front death tools and drafts

They need a lot of people for the warso they start a draft. It was lottery system where they had 366 bingo balls and pulled it out with a spefic date on it and when your birthday was drawn thats the order of the draft that youre in. They had to take a test to see if they could go to the army. people cheated by getting private doctors note.

War goes from bad to worse

Tet offensive was a temporary truce for the holiday in vietnam. NV placed a suprise attack on the Americans they smuggled weapons in with the holiday decorations. It resulted in a loss for the NV but put a blunder on the USA army. People started noticing that Americans were being hurt and nothing had been acomplished in a long period of time. The anti-war movement started to build up.

Walter Cronkites opinion

Walter was a news anchor who got permission to read an editorial on his opinion about the war. He said it was clear that the U.S. wouldn’t be able to win the conflict. He said that the Johnson admistration needs to withdraw troops and create a negotiation stragey. Protests start to arise and the pressure leads Johnson to no run for the next election.

Eisnerhower Doctorine 1957

Concerned about the growing influence of the nationalists in the region and their close ties with the USSR. Said that America will provide economic or military assistance to any middle eastern nation threatend by armed agression. U.S. emerged as the srongest Western Power.

The Six Days War

In the Mid 1960’s. Isreal had a nuclear weapon program. The Palestine Liberation Organization was created. and the PLO began terriosts attacks against Isreal, Isreal retaliates and attacks places where they suspect the PLO to be. Isreal seized control of the Gaza Strip. President Johnson convinces Iserali gov’t to stop accapting a cease fire. They tell them that if they don’t stop then they will have to deal with the USSR. The war ends on 6/11

Detente

A time of relaxation. Dispite the differences of the U.S. and the Soviet Union they have ideas in common and need to know how to communicate. This was a major turning point in the cold war. Belif that global stability comes when you find common ground and build systems of interdependence.

Nixion 1968-1974

• Republican

• Realignment of American Political parties happen while hes in office

• Uses dog whistle politics

• Parinoid

• Brings in realism

Why Detente

Nixion is influence by his secratery of state Kissinger (like washington and hamiltion). Kissinger belives that MAD hasn’t worked for us it has actually harmed the USA. Wants to figure out a way that the U.S. can start benifiting.

Kissinger

• Secratary of State

• More important than Nixion

• Brings in the real world views

• German accent

• Lived through Nazi party

• Jewish

Strategic Arms Limitation Talk SALT 1960

U.S. agress to freeze production of nuclear weapons for 5 years. USSR and USA have talk. They collablorate and go to space together

The Sino-Soviet Split

Creates an opportunity for Dentene with China. Kissinger sees an time to communicate sepreatly with UUSR and China. Sees gain and growth from both of the parties. Better trade, relaxation, stop seeing communism as evil.

Lines of communication with China

• 1971 ping pong team visits China

• 1971 trade embargo ended

• 1972 Nixion meats chairman Mao

• 1979 U.S. establishes full diplomatic recognition of people of China Republic

Critisim of Detene

U.S. doesn’t force Mao to treat his people better in order to have a relationship with the U.S. Only the U.S. is gaining economics. Almost as they are accepting communism. The Left: they arent demanding change. The right: USA has given up their moral superiority

Vietnamization

Nixion wants to get USA trrops out of the Vietnam war and turn it back to vietnamese. USA starts doublling down on the tranning of the SV. Nixion decides to bomb Ho Chi Min trail. in 1973 Nixion withdraws from the war. Vietnam falls to communism. April 30th communists capture presidential place ending the war.

Jimmy Cater

• 196-1980

• Democrat

• wants to see a restrained use of American influence in the world

• He belived in detene

• has a more humanitarian concern

Camp David Accords 1978

Carter wants to ease tension in the Middle East. He wants to create peace not just reduced tension. Carter wants to hol negotiations between Isreal and Egypt. Camp David was a presidential retrat in Maryland. Egypt ened up recognizing Isreal as a state

Anti American Sentiment Builds in Iran

Popular movements around the Shah and his retaliation to the U.S. Iranian revoloutinaries: lined by anti Shah belifs, Mostly young college age students, want a more conservitive movement, they want choices not rules.

Iranian Revoloution

In 1979 people band together to overthrow the Shah. Ayatohollah Khomeini is the new leader. He inforces rules that are the exact opposite of the Shah (still bad). This seperates the U.S. and Iran, Iran stops giving the USA oil.

Background of Afganistan

1978 the Democratic Republic formed in Afgnastan. A communist socialist state. They were close with USSR.

Soviet-Afgan War

People in Afganistan (the Mujahideen) were unhappy with the communist government. They rise up against the gov’t and the USSR sends in troops. Then the USA backed the Mujahideen my sending them money. The USA sees this as an oppountuniry to make themselves powerful in Afganistan. The key figure in the Mujahideen was Osama Bin ladden who set up 9/11.

The Carter Doctorine

The U.S. will do anything in it’s power to maintain authority over the Persin gulf. A waring that USA will intervene and to get off their territory. Carter doesn’t want any anti-American power to be in charge of oil distribution. This is a more agressive side of Carter.

Iran-Iraq war 1970

Leader was Saddam Hussein who was a dictator in Iraq. He wanted to create a regional empire so he wanted to invade Iran. As Hussein plan his invasion he works with the U.S. as they both hate Khomeini. USA gives money and weapons to Hussein.

Ronald Regan

• 1980

• Good Speaker

• Hates communism

• has a 1950’s lense of the cold war

• rejects Detene

Regans early view of the cold war

He has problems with Detene because USSR and USA are treated as equals but USA is superior. Regan wants to esculate the arms race (rely on weapons)

Regans Stategic Defenise Order

Using lazor beams to destroy nuclear weapons. U.S. needs security from nuclear weapons if the USSR actually goes insane. Citizens start protesting, and Europe is freaking out.

Gorbachev comes to power

• New leader of the USSR

• understands the USSR is struggling (economically, techonogically)

• Intrested in more openess and peace

• starts introducing little capitalism elements to USSR

• Sees Regan as someone who wants to raise tempuature of the conflict

• knows the USSR won’t be able to survive another war

• want Detente

Gorbachev’s Option 1

• Getting Regan to end SDI and agree to weapons freeze

• Means the soviets wouldn’t have to worry

• Soviets wouldn’t have to lose more monet towards war

• no external or internal threats

Gorbachev’s option 2

• Soviets can invest in their own SDI

• They don’t have the money or technonlgy to do it

• people in the USSR will be upset

• Soviet union would collapse from the inside

• No money left for the people

Gorbachev’s option 3

• Fold and give up on the war

• need to admit to themselves and USA that they can’t compete

• U.S. would win the cold war

• Hope that the USSR will survive

• will free up money to give to people

• future of communism gone

Communism keeps it’s grip on China

The USA is crituqed for it’s relationship with China. China gives economic value to China. USA feels that what China does doesn’t hurt the U.S. and they keep peace

Franklin Rossovelt FDR

• concerned with what it will be like when WW2 ends

• worried about what America’s role in the globe is going to be

• isolationists

• wants to create a system of global management between the 4 super powers

• lose wilsonianism

• Dies in 1945

The 4 major powers

U.S. : represtent the America’s

Britan: rep Western Eurpore, South Africa, South Asia

Soviet Union: rep Eastern Europe

China: Asia (Once Japan is defated China will emerge as a super power)

Yalta Confrence Feb 1945

FDR sets up a meeting for the 3 major allied powers (Britian, U.S., Soviet Union). They meet to set up a plan on how to end the war in Asia. They agree on how to defeat Japan and make the United Nations.

Red Flags for Soviet Union

Stalian is a terrible person for the U.S. to be working with he goes against everything the U.S. stands for. He is a dictator, starves his people, and sends them to war without adequte weapons

Plan for After WW2

They plan to divide Germany into 4 different zones. Each allied power would get temporary control of each zone until Germany has their elections

Harry Truman

• Becomes president after FDR dies

• Truman was only the VP for 4 months

• Democrat

• served in WW1

• was in the senete from 1934-1944

• Truman is like a glass of milk (boring)

• sees the world in good and evil terms

  • believes in the manifest destiny of America

Truman And Stalin

This is the meeting of the 3 allied powers. Truman is very skeptical of Stalin, and doesn’t want him to be apart of power sharing. While Stalin was helping the nazi places he was taking the freed places to be apart of the Soviet Union. Truman thought that if Stalin helped them defeat Japan then Stalin would claim Japan too.

Postdam Confrence July 17-August 2 1945

Truman decides that he will drop the atomic bomb in Japan. He drops the bomb on August 6. Truman only tells Atlee from Birtian that he’s going to drop the bomb because of his reservations about Stalin. Truman’s goal is to make USSR secoend tier. Atlee didn’t wantto be a superpower he wanted to create social reforms in England so he didn’t care what Truman did.

Truman Doctorine 1947

Talks about how the USA will hold back communism. Also mentions the Foregin policy of economic aid which is that regardless of the party of a president they will use foregin policy. The U.S. will insert itself into conflicts that they arent directly involved in and will engage in intervention

Marshall Plan

Program for economic aid to the European Countries. Effort to take away communism. 12.5 billion dollars go to the program (pro democracy canditated rebuild roads, buildings, and homes).

Berlin Blockade Airlift 1948

Places under British and American control begin to be involved in the democracy plan. the soviet zone is struggling. Western Berlin is thriving under the control of USA and Britian. Stalin can’t take Western Berlin because they don’t have the weapons so Stalin starves the people of East Berlin, stops fuel, power lines, from getting into the city. Stalin says hell stop if USA gives him west Berlin. U.S. wants to fly over Berlin and help the people by giving them food. After a year Stalin lifts it because its not working.

1949

2 big events

• Mao Zedong and the communists won the Chinese civil war

• Soviet Union devlops a test for the first nuclear bomb

• turning point in the Cold War

  • people start to question the efficancy of Containment

  • U.S. is taking a hit because another nation is now communist

  • Soviets cant make another war because the U.S. will drop a bomb on them

Truman Admistration’s new assment

Make report 68. Truman admnistration says they should continue with containment and are willing to go into Asia. Also decide that they need to create more advanced technology. T-admnistration hasn’t locked at the cost v. benifit. How many lives are they wolling to lose to stop an ideology? raises questions about trst in the governmnet. T-admi sees the USSR and China working together.

How NSC-68 changed the containment stragey

The U.S. severs diplomatic ties with China, they only interact with Chaing Kai-shek. They give communists the cold shoulder and isolate them from the rest of the world. refusal to communicate leads to misccomunication and use of spies

U.S. involvment in the French Indochina War

The people of Vietnam don’t want to be in the French Empire. France was hesitant to let it’s colines go. U.S. starts devloping the domnio theory that communism will spread all across Asia. USA sends money to France to help supress the Vietnamese movement.

Korean War 1950

Korea was a Japanese coloney that Japan had to give up after WW2 it is now under control of the allied powers. Korea gets split into 2 zone the North and South. The northern communists ideals start to take control. Communist movement was lead by Kim Il Sung. In 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea and does very well, looks like they can capure the whole country.

U.S. and China in Korean War

U.S. worried that war will be another domino. U.S. send troops into Korea (first time sending troops in the cold war) The U.S. had a small draft. The U.S. trrops manage to push North Korea up past the 38th parallel up to China. China gets worried and decides to send troops in aswell. As China gets involved the North pushes back. Douglas MacArthur told Truman the only way to win the war was to use nuclear weapons on China. U.S. worried if they bomb China that USSR will bomb them. Douglas goes on a press tour against Truman because he didn’t bomb China.

Posotives and Negatives of Containment

Pos:

• Entirety of Korea isn’t communist

• War within China is avoided

Neg:

• A new “nation” is communist

• affirms the relationship between the USSR and North Korea

• the 38th parallel is still there

Middle East after WW2

Most of it was colonized by the French or British. They shifted to self-rule which raised anxiety in the U.S. because theyre nervsous about soviet influence. Worried that that if there are anti american movements then they won’t have acess to resources. U.S. tries to supress the rise of nationalism in Middle east.

Creation of Isreal 1948

U.S. supports the creation of Isreal. They are trying to gain more pro-American regimes. Isreal was created out of pressure for a Jewish homeland (dates back to the zionest movements). Many peope fight back against Isreal because Arab people lived there before and it should be their homeland. The U.S. sees Isreal as a potential ally.

Iran

Iran is pro western from 1941-9179. Iran was ruled by the Shah and Mohammad Mosaddegh. The goal was to spread Pro West/ Pro American ideals. In 1953 the U.S. wants to take Mosaddegh out of power. They contact the British to help for a coup against him.

Shah and Mohammad Mosaddegh

Shah→ deepley valued by the U.S., agrres with U.S. economic goals

Mohammad Mosaddegh→ Elected in 1951, doesn’t agree with Shah because he’s too comfortable with the U.S. For Iranian Nationalism. Wants to nationalize the oil company.

• Hav the government take control over oil insted of private buisness, scares the U.S., without the U.S. USSR can move in