Core Principles in Anatomy and Physiology: Gradients, Structure-Function, and Cell-Cell Communication

Vocabulary flashcards covering gradients, structure-function complementarity, and cell-cell communication as described in the notes.

Gradient

A difference in the amount of a substance between two connected regions, which drives transport and many physiological processes.

Temperature gradient

A gradient where heat is concentrated near a heater and temperature decreases with distance.

Concentration gradient

A gradient in which the amount of a substance changes over a distance; higher concentration near a source, decreasing with distance.

Pressure gradient

A gradient created by a difference in pressure between two regions (e.g., high pressure inside a syringe vs. lower pressure outside).

Homeostasis

Maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.

Complementarity of structure and function

The form of a structure is matched to its function; often summarized as 'form follows function' and applies at all levels of organization.

Structure-function relationship

The principle that anatomy and physiology are interrelated such that the structure of a tissue or organ enables its function.

Gas exchange

The movement of gases (e.g., O2 and CO2) across respiratory membranes; efficiency depends on tissue thickness and surface area.

Lung tissue (thin for gas exchange)

Thin lung tissue allows gases to cross rapidly; thick tissue would slow crossing and impair oxygen delivery.

Cell-cell communication

Coordination among cells through electrical signals or chemical messengers to maintain homeostasis.

Electrical signals

Direct electrical communication between neighboring cells that coordinates responses.

Chemical messengers

Molecules released by one cell that trigger responses in another cell, may act locally or travel through blood.

Neuromuscular communication

Nerve-to-muscle signaling where a nerve cell releases messengers that trigger muscle contraction.

Nervous system communication

The nervous system coordinates body functions through rapid electrical and chemical signaling.