Measurement scales:

objective reasoning: 

• not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased; an objective opinion

subjective reasoning: 

• existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought

Statistics:

-the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from these in a representative sample 

Descriptive statistics:

• methods used to report a data set in summarized form. Data is used only for descriptive purposes and are not employed in making predictions 

• EX) central tendency and variability 

Inferential statistics:

• mathematical approach to deducing the probability of the occurrence of a characteristic in a population based on the measured characteristic of a sample

Concept of being statistically literate:

Data awareness:

• involves an understanding of the important role of data in society, the different sources of data, what impacts on data quality, and having an understanding of the context within which the data was collected

• Understanding statistical concepts:

• involves an understanding of statistical terms, concepts and their appropriate use 

Analyse & Evaluate information:

• involves analysing, interpreting and evaluating statistical information

Communicate statistical information:

• involves communicating statistical information and understanding in a way that makes it real, relevant and meaningful to the audience, giving the data context and credibility

Statistic:

• refers to a characteristic of a sample, such as an average score

**Statistics is simply an objective means of interpreting a collection of observations

Parameter:

• refers to a characteristic of a population 

four types of measurements and the characteristics of each:

Nominal scale:

(categorical data)

• Simplest level of measurement

• Permits comparison only between sameness or difference

• Can be thought of as a classification scale 

• EXS) class standing, gender, smoking status, or fitness level

Ordinal scale:

• has the property of both identity and magnitude; each value on scale as a unique meaning, and it has an ordered relationship to every other value on the scale 

Interval scale:

• Contains information on interval width and order but, zero does not represent complete absence of value, even if there is a 0 score it is arbitrary

• EXS) psychological tests, examinations, temperature in fahrenheit 

Ratio scale: 

• Contains most information of all measurement scales 

• Ratio scale must have a true 0

• Examples include weight, volume, distance, time 

• If someone runs 1 mile and someone else runs 2 miles, it is appropriate to say one ran twice as far as the other