organelles

What is the main function of the nucleus?

The nucleus controls cell activities by storing the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and directing protein synthesis.

What is the role of mitochondria?

Mitochondria generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, making them the 'powerhouse' of the cell.

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

Chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy stored as glucose.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within or outside the cell.

How do lysosomes function in animal cells?

Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris, acting as the cell's 'recycling center.'

What are the three main parts of cell theory?

All living things are made of cells; Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms; All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Who first discovered cells?

Robert Hooke first discovered cells in 1665 when observing cork under a microscope.

According to cell theory, where do new cells come from?

New cells arise from the division of pre-existing cells.

What is an esophagus?

The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach, allowing the passage of food and liquids.

What is peristalsis?

Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles in the esophagus and intestines, moving food through the digestive system.

What are gastric juices?

Gastric juices are a mixture of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and mucus secreted by the stomach, which helps break down food.

What is chyme?

Chyme is the semi-liquid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

What is pepsin?

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

What is bile?

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It helps break down fats into smaller molecules during digestion.

What is the duodenum?

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion occurs, receiving bile from the liver and pancreatic enzymes.

What are villi?

Villi are small, finger-like projections in the lining of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption of nutrients.

What is the role of the gallbladder in digestion?

The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine to help digest fats.

What are arteries?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What are veins?

Veins carry blood to the heart.

What are capillaries?

Capillaries connect arteries and veins, allowing for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.