Chapter 22: Speciation

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32 Terms

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Biological Species Concept
organisms that can't interbreed and produce a fertile,viable offspring are different species.
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Reproductive Isolation
Barrier that prevents interbreeding
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Hybrid
when species interbreed
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Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers
Prevents fertilization from occurring
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Mechanical Isolation
organisms physically can't mate because physical attributes
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Behavioral Isolation
Differences in courtship and mating behaviors
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Gametic Isolation
When sperm can't fertilize the eggs.
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Habitat Isolation
Populations live in different habitats and do not meet
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Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers
Barriers after fertilization and conception
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Reduced Hybrid Viability
Slow development and low survival rate
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Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrid is sterile
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Ecological Species Concept

differentiates species based on how they use the resources in their environment and their niches/roles

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Morphological Species Concept
characterizes a species by body shape and physical traits
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Speciation
new species forms
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Sympatric Speciation
When speciation occurs without a geographic barrier
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Allopatric Speciation
When speciation occurs with a geographic barrier
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Peripatric Speciation
when a small group of species isolate themselves and the allele frequency changes lead to a new species, founder's effect
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Parapatric Speciation
When a species develops a population that is spread out a large area but only mates with local organisms
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Polyploidy
extra sets of chromosomes
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Autopolyploidy
Extra sets of chromosomes come from a single species
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Allopolyploidy
Extra sets of chromosomes come from different species
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Habitat Differentiation
appearance of new ecological niches
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Sexual Selection
Natural selection for mating success.
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Hybrid zones
zones where populations can interbreed
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Reinforcement Outcome
reproductive barriers strengthen and they can't mate
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Fusion Outcome
reproductive barriers weaken and they fuse into 1 species
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Stability Outcome
steady flow of hybrid population
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Punctuated Model
new species change most as they branch from a parent species and then change little for the rest of their existence
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Gradual Model
species diverge steadily over time
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Formation of Hybrid Zones

  1. 3 populations are first connected through gene flow

  2. Suddenly a barrier!

  3. The populations begin to diverge from the other 2

  4. Gene flow is re-established

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intersexual selection

female choice

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intrasexual selection

members of the same sex compete to mate